III. Changes in the table of conflicts for 2009 »
Type: section
Chapter: 2. Armed conflict, crime and criminal violence
Source: SIPRI Yearbook 2010
Author: Lotta Harbom, Peter Wallensteen
III. Changes in the table of conflicts for 2009Conflicts added to the table in 2009Two conflicts appear in this year’s table that were not active in 2008: Rwanda and Uganda.6 In both cases the active rebel groups have over the years taken refuge outside their country of origin and the upsurge in fighting in 2009 was in both cases due to government offensives against rebel positions in neighbouring Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).7On 20 January 2009 Rwandan Government troops crossed into the DRC and launched Operation Umoja Wetu ( ‘our unity’ )
III. Changes in the table of conflicts for 2010 »
Type: section
Chapter: 2. Resources and armed conflict
Source: SIPRI Yearbook 2011
Author: Lotta Themnér, Peter Wallensteen
III. Changes in the table of conflicts for 20107Conflicts removed from the tableNo new conflicts have been entered in the table for 2010. However, two conflicts that appeared in the table in 2009 were no longer active in 2010: Sri Lanka (‘Tamil Eelam’) and the Philippines (Mindanao).8 In the case of Sri Lanka, the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE, or Tamil Tigers) were defeated militarily at the end of May 2009, and there were no indications of the group’s revival in 2010.The conflict between the Government of the Philippines and the
III. Chemical weapon arms control and disarmament »
Type: section
Chapter: 9. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials
Source: SIPRI Yearbook 2011
Author: John Hart, Peter Clevestig
III. Chemical weapon arms control and disarmamentThe CWC is the principal international legal instrument against chemical warfare. No state joined the convention in 2010. Two states had signed but not ratified it; and five states had neither signed nor ratified it.20With respect to national implementation of the CWC, as of November, 185 parties (98 per cent) had designated or established a national authority to, among other things, serve as the national focal point for effective liaison with the OPCW and other states parties, and 87 parties (46 per cent) had adopted legislation covering all key areas
III. China »
Type: section
Chapter: 4. Military expenditure
Source: SIPRI Yearbook 2011
Author: Sam Perlo-Freeman, Julian Cooper, Olawale Ismail, Elisabeth Sköns, Carina Solmirano
III. ChinaThe official Chinese defence budget for 2010 was 532 billion yuan ($78 billion), but SIPRI estimates that China’s total military expenditure was 809 billion yuan ($119 billion).6 Military spending increased by 189 per cent in real terms between 2001 and 2010, an average annual increase of 12.5 per cent. The increase of 3.8 per cent in 2010 thus represents a significant slowing in the rate of growth, reflecting the lower economic growth in 2009 caused by the global recession.7 The rate of increase accelerated sharply in the 2000s compared to the 1980s and
III. Conclusions »
Type: section
Chapter: Introduction
Source: SIPRI Yearbook 2010
Author: Bates Gill
III. ConclusionsThe 12 chapters ofSIPRI Yearbook 2010 and their accompanying appendices and documentation provide the single most comprehensive and in-depth assessment of developments in international security, armaments and disarmament over the past year. As the analyses in this edition of the Yearbook suggest, the year began hopefully for many with the advent of a new US Administration. In addition, some positive momentum has been generated around the goals of arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation, resulting in important declarations and concrete actions in support of those goals.However, the past year has also demonstrated just how difficult
III. Consolidating military confidence in the OSCE area »
Type: section
Chapter: 10. Conventional arms control and military confidence building
Source: SIPRI Yearbook 2011
Author: Zdzislaw Lachowski
III. Consolidating military confidence in the OSCE areaIn the post-cold war era, CSBMs became a means to manage the changes taking place in Europe and to enhance cooperative relations among states based on partnership, reassurance and transparency. The efforts to overcome the CFE Treaty crisis parallel those aimed at strengthening other OSCE politico-military tools, particularly CSBMs, both in related mechanisms and frameworks (the Forum for Security Co-operation, FSC, the security dialogue and review conferences) and within the Corfu process.22 The general level of CSBM implementation in 2010 remained satisfactory and similar to that of previous years.
III. Developments in multilateral export control regimes »
Type: section
Chapter: 12. Controls on security-related international transfers
Source: SIPRI Yearbook 2010
Author: Sibylle Bauer, Ivana Micic
III. Developments in multilateral export control regimesFour informal multilateral arrangements worked within their specific fields to strengthen transfer control cooperation in 2009: the Australia Group (AG), the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and the Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies (WA). The states participating in these arrangements and in the Zangger Committee are listed intable12.1.10Purpose and set-upSpecific events that demonstrated the use, or potential use, of WMD and concern about the increase in WMD programmes created political will to establish
III. Developments in other multilateral arms embargoes »
Type: section
Chapter: 12. Controls on security-related international transfers
Source: SIPRI Yearbook 2010
Author: Pieter D. Wezeman, Noel Kelly
III. Developments in other multilateral arms embargoesDuring 2009 the political situation in Guinea deteriorated, culminating on 28 September 2009 in the killing of over 150 demonstrators by Guinean soldiers.26 In response to these developments, the International Contact Group on Guinea recommended that the international community impose sanctions on Guinea, including an arms embargo.27 Soon afterwards ECOWAS and the EU—two participants in the Contact Group—imposed arms embargoes on Guinea. The ECOWAS arms embargo, imposed on 17 October 2009, was only the second that it had imposed on one of its member states.28
III. Developments in other multilateral arms embargoes »
Type: section
Chapter: 11. Strategic trade controls: countering the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
Source: SIPRI Yearbook 2011
Author: Pieter D. Wezeman, Noel Kelly
III. Developments in other multilateral arms embargoesFour countries were the targets of multilateral arms embargoes in 2010 that had no UN equivalent: China, Guinea, Myanmar and Zimbabwe.Both ECOWAS and the EU imposed an arms embargo on Guinea in October 2009 in response to the violence and deteriorating political situation in thecountry. During 2010 the political situation improved considerably, with elections held in November. However, the arms embargoes were not lifted.In Zimbabwe, which has been the target of an EU arms embargo since 2002, the power-sharing government was deemed to have made insufficient progress since its
III. Economic approaches to conflict »
Type: section
Chapter: 2. Resources and armed conflict
Source: SIPRI Yearbook 2011
Author: Neil Melvin, Ruben de Koning
III. Economic approaches to conflictDuring the late 1990s research into the structural causes of ongoing intrastate conflicts and the motivations of combatants increasingly explored the role of economics. A seminal 1998 book provided an alternative to the prevailing representation of civil wars as simple confrontations between two sides or explosions of mindless violence motivated by ethnic or religious differences or other grievances. Instead, it maintained that armed conflict can also create a ‘new system of profits and power’.9 These observations were based mainly on case studies of the roles played by diamonds in conflicts in Angola,