Contents

SIPRI Yearbook 2022

Contents
Preface
Abbreviations and conventions
- Abbreviations and conventions
- Conventions
- Geographical regions and subregions
SIPRI Yearbook online
Introduction
1. Introduction: International stability and human security in 2021
- I. Ukraine and the immediate consequences of the war
- II. The broader security horizon in 2021
Part I. Armed conflict and conflict management, 2021
2. Global developments in armed conflict, peace processes and peace operations
- Overview
- I. Tracking armed conflicts and peace processes
- II. Global and regional trends and developments in multilateral peace operations
- III. Table of multilateral peace operations, 2021
3. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Americas
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict in North America and the Caribbean
- III. Armed conflict in Central America
- IV. Armed conflict in South America
4. Armed conflict and peace processes in Asia and Oceania
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Flashpoints in the conflict dynamics in East Asia
- III. Armed conflict and peace processes in South Asia
- IV. Armed conflict and peace processes in South East Asia
5. Armed conflict and peace processes in Europe
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict in Ukraine and the risk of spillover to a major interstate war
6. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Middle East and North Africa
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict and peace processes in Iraq, Syria and Turkey
- III. The Israeli–Palestinian conflict and peace process
- IV. Armed conflict and peace processes in North Africa
- V. Armed conflict and peace processes in Yemen
7. Armed conflict and peace processes in sub-Saharan Africa
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict and peace processes in West Africa
- III. Armed conflict and peace processes in Central Africa
- IV. Armed conflict and peace processes in East Africa
Part II. Military spending and armaments, 2021
8. Military expenditure and developments in arms production
- Overview
- I. Global developments in military expenditure, 2021
- II. Regional developments in military expenditure, 2021
- III. Arms-producing and military services companies, 2020
9. International arms transfers
- Overview
- I. Developments in arms transfers, 2017–21
- II. Developments among the suppliers of major arms, 2017–21
- III. Developments among the recipients of major arms, 2017–21
- IV. The financial value of states’ arms exports
10. World nuclear forces
- Overview
- I. United States nuclear forces
- II. Russian nuclear forces
- III. British nuclear forces
- IV. French nuclear forces
- V. Chinese nuclear forces
- VI. Indian nuclear forces
- VII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- VIII. Israeli nuclear forces
- IX. North Korean nuclear forces
- X. Global stocks and production of Fissile materials, 2021
Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2021
11. Nuclear disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation
- Overview
- I. Bilateral and multilateral nuclear arms control involving China, Russia and the United States
- II. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran’s nuclear programme
- III. Multilateral nuclear arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation treaties and initiatives
12. Chemical, biological and health security threats
- Overview
- I. The unfolding Covid-19 pandemic
- II. Biological weapon disarmament and non-proliferation
- III. Allegations of chemical weapons use in Syria
- IV. Chemical arms control and disarmament
13. Conventional arms control and regulation of new weapon technologies
- Overview
- I. Multilateral regulation of inhumane weapons and other conventional weapons of humanitarian concern
- II. Intergovernmental efforts to address the challenges posed by autonomous weapon systems
- III. The withdrawal of Russia from the Treaty on Open Skies
- IV. International transparency in arms procurement and military expenditure as confidence-building measures
- V. Cyberspace and the malicious use of information and communications technology
- VI. Developments in space security
14. Dual-use and arms trade controls
- Overview
- I. The Arms Trade Treaty
- II. Multilateral arms embargoes
- III. The multilateral export control regimes
- IV. Developments in the European Union’s dual-use and arms trade controls
Annexes
Annex A. Arms control and disarmament agreements
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
Annex B. International security cooperation bodies
- I. Bodies with a global focus or membership
- II. Bodies with a regional focus or membership
- III. Strategic trade control regimes
Annex C. Chronology 2021
About the authors
Errata
- Errata

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SIPRI Yearbook 2022

4. Armed conflict and peace processes in Asia and Oceania

Chapter:: 4. Armed conflict and peace processes in Asia and Oceania
Source:: SIPRI Yearbook 2022
Author(s):: Ian Davis

Nine countries in Asia and Oceania experienced active armed conflicts in 2021 (two more than in 2020). These consisted of three in South Asia (section III), namely Afghanistan (major internationalized civil war), India (low-intensity combined interstate border and subnational armed conflicts) and Pakistan (high-intensity combined interstate border and subnational armed conflicts); four in South East Asia (section IV), namely a major armed conflict in Myanmar and low-intensity subnational armed conflicts in Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand; and a new low-intensity interstate conflict in Central Asia between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, where an outbreak of border clashes resulted in more than 25 battle-related deaths, taking it above the armed conflict threshold. Total conflict-related fatalities in Asia and Oceania increased by 59 per cent in 2021 (having fallen by nearly 50 per cent in 2020), mostly due to conflict-related fatalities increasing in Afghanistan, Myanmar and Pakistan.

Citation (MLA):: Davis, Ian. "4. Armed conflict and peace processes in Asia and Oceania." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 2 Feb. 2023. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780192883032/sipri-9780192883032-chapter-004.xml>.
Citation (APA):: Davis, I. (2016). 4. Armed conflict and peace processes in Asia and Oceania. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2022: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2 Feb. 2023, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780192883032/sipri-9780192883032-chapter-004.xml
Citation (Chicago):: Davis, Ian. "4. Armed conflict and peace processes in Asia and Oceania." In SIPRI Yearbook 2022: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 2 Feb. 2023, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780192883032/sipri-9780192883032-chapter-004.xml

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