Contents

SIPRI Yearbook 2022

Contents
Preface
Abbreviations and conventions
- Abbreviations and conventions
- Conventions
- Geographical regions and subregions
SIPRI Yearbook online
Introduction
1. Introduction: International stability and human security in 2021
- I. Ukraine and the immediate consequences of the war
- II. The broader security horizon in 2021
Part I. Armed conflict and conflict management, 2021
2. Global developments in armed conflict, peace processes and peace operations
- Overview
- I. Tracking armed conflicts and peace processes
- II. Global and regional trends and developments in multilateral peace operations
- III. Table of multilateral peace operations, 2021
3. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Americas
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict in North America and the Caribbean
- III. Armed conflict in Central America
- IV. Armed conflict in South America
4. Armed conflict and peace processes in Asia and Oceania
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Flashpoints in the conflict dynamics in East Asia
- III. Armed conflict and peace processes in South Asia
- IV. Armed conflict and peace processes in South East Asia
5. Armed conflict and peace processes in Europe
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict in Ukraine and the risk of spillover to a major interstate war
6. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Middle East and North Africa
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict and peace processes in Iraq, Syria and Turkey
- III. The Israeli–Palestinian conflict and peace process
- IV. Armed conflict and peace processes in North Africa
- V. Armed conflict and peace processes in Yemen
7. Armed conflict and peace processes in sub-Saharan Africa
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict and peace processes in West Africa
- III. Armed conflict and peace processes in Central Africa
- IV. Armed conflict and peace processes in East Africa
Part II. Military spending and armaments, 2021
8. Military expenditure and developments in arms production
- Overview
- I. Global developments in military expenditure, 2021
- II. Regional developments in military expenditure, 2021
- III. Arms-producing and military services companies, 2020
9. International arms transfers
- Overview
- I. Developments in arms transfers, 2017–21
- II. Developments among the suppliers of major arms, 2017–21
- III. Developments among the recipients of major arms, 2017–21
- IV. The financial value of states’ arms exports
10. World nuclear forces
- Overview
- I. United States nuclear forces
- II. Russian nuclear forces
- III. British nuclear forces
- IV. French nuclear forces
- V. Chinese nuclear forces
- VI. Indian nuclear forces
- VII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- VIII. Israeli nuclear forces
- IX. North Korean nuclear forces
- X. Global stocks and production of Fissile materials, 2021
Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2021
11. Nuclear disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation
- Overview
- I. Bilateral and multilateral nuclear arms control involving China, Russia and the United States
- II. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran’s nuclear programme
- III. Multilateral nuclear arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation treaties and initiatives
12. Chemical, biological and health security threats
- Overview
- I. The unfolding Covid-19 pandemic
- II. Biological weapon disarmament and non-proliferation
- III. Allegations of chemical weapons use in Syria
- IV. Chemical arms control and disarmament
13. Conventional arms control and regulation of new weapon technologies
- Overview
- I. Multilateral regulation of inhumane weapons and other conventional weapons of humanitarian concern
- II. Intergovernmental efforts to address the challenges posed by autonomous weapon systems
- III. The withdrawal of Russia from the Treaty on Open Skies
- IV. International transparency in arms procurement and military expenditure as confidence-building measures
- V. Cyberspace and the malicious use of information and communications technology
- VI. Developments in space security
14. Dual-use and arms trade controls
- Overview
- I. The Arms Trade Treaty
- II. Multilateral arms embargoes
- III. The multilateral export control regimes
- IV. Developments in the European Union’s dual-use and arms trade controls
Annexes
Annex A. Arms control and disarmament agreements
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
Annex B. International security cooperation bodies
- I. Bodies with a global focus or membership
- II. Bodies with a regional focus or membership
- III. Strategic trade control regimes
Annex C. Chronology 2021
About the authors
Errata
- Errata

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SIPRI Yearbook 2022

I. Key general developments in the region

Chapter:: 5. Armed conflict and peace processes in Europe
Source:: SIPRI Yearbook 2022
Author(s):: Ian Davis

There were three countries with active armed conflicts on their territory in Europe in 2021: the low-intensity interstate border conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan for control of Nagorno-Karabakh (see below), and the low-intensity, internationalized, subnational, armed conflict in Ukraine.¹ In Ukraine, the collapse of peace talks and a second large-scale Russian military build-up near Ukraine’s borders in late 2021 raised fears of the simmering conflict boiling over into a major interstate armed conflict (see section II).

Citation (MLA):: Davis, Ian. "5. Armed conflict and peace processes in Europe." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 29 Apr. 2025. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780192883032/sipri-9780192883032-chapter-005-div1-025.xml>.
Citation (APA):: Davis, I. (2016). 5. Armed conflict and peace processes in Europe. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2022: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 Apr. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780192883032/sipri-9780192883032-chapter-005-div1-025.xml
Citation (Chicago):: Davis, Ian. "5. Armed conflict and peace processes in Europe." In SIPRI Yearbook 2022: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 29 Apr. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780192883032/sipri-9780192883032-chapter-005-div1-025.xml

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