Contents

SIPRI Yearbook 2014

SIPRI Yearbook 2014
Contents
Preface
Abbreviations and conventions
SIPRI Yearbook online
- How to access the SIPRI Yearbook online
- Contact information
Introduction
Introduction. International security, armaments and disarmament
- I. Global and regional security
- II. Dynamics of peace and conflict
- III. The relationship between science and security
- IV. Conclusions
1. Aspects of the conflict in Syria
- Overview
- I. Measuring conflict incidence in Syria
- II. Restricting arms supplies to Syria
- III. Arms control implications of the use of chemical weapons in Syria
Part I. Security and conflicts, 2013
2. Armed conflict
- Overview
- I. Mediation and peace agreements
- II. The United Nations Security Council in state-based armed conflicts, 2003–12
- III. Patterns of organized violence, 2003–12
- IV. The Global Peace Index 2013
3. Peace operations and conflict management
- Overview
- I. Global and regional trends in peace operations
- II. Peace operations in Africa
- III. Table of multilateral peace operations, 2013
Part II. Military spending and armaments, 2013
4. Military expenditure and arms production
- Overview
- I. Global developments in military expenditure
- II. US military expenditure
- III. Military spending and regional security in the Asia–Pacific
- IV. The reporting of military expenditure data to the United Nations
- V. The SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing and military services companies, 2012
- VI. Military expenditure data, 2004–13
5. International arms transfers
- Overview
- I. Developments in arms transfers, 2013
- II. Transfers of long-range guided missiles
- III. Transparency in arms transfers
- IV. The financial value of states’ arms exports
6 World Nuclear Forces
- Overview
- I. Us nuclear forces
- II. Russian nuclear forces
- III. British nuclear forces
- IV. French nuclear forces
- V. Chinese nuclear forces
- VI. Indian nuclear forces
- VII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- VIII. Israeli nuclear forces
- IX. North Korea's military nuclear capabilities
- X. Global stocks and production of fissile materials
- XI. Nuclear explosions, 1945–2013
Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2013
7. Nuclear arms control and non-proliferation
- Overview
- I. Iran and nuclear proliferation concerns
- II. North Korea's nuclear programme
- III. Russian–US cooperation on reducing nuclear risks
- IV. Developments related to multilateral treaties and initiatives on nuclear arms control and non-proliferation
8. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials
- Overview
- I. Chemical and biological weapon programmes
- II. Chemical weapon arms control and disarmament
- III. Biological weapon arms control and disarmament
- IV. Oversight of dual-purpose research in the life sciences
9. Conventional arms control and military confidence building
- Overview
- I. Humanitarian arms control initiatives
- II. The governance of autonomous weapons
- III. Confidence-building measures for information and communication technologies
- IV. European debates and discussions on conventional arms control
10. Dual-use and arms trade controls
- Overview
- I. The Arms Trade Treaty
- II. Multilateral arms embargoes
- III. Export control regimes
Annexes
Annex A. Arms control and disarmament agreements
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
Annex B. International security cooperation bodies
- I. Bodies with a global focus or membership
- II. Bodies with a regional focus or membership
- III. Strategic trade control regimes
Annex C. Chronology 2013
About the authors
Errata

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SIPRI Yearbook 2014

8. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials

Chapter:: 8. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials
Source:: SIPRI Yearbook 2014
Author(s):: John Hart, Peter Clevestig

In 2013 states continued to develop strategies to prevent and remediate the effects of the possible misuse of toxic chemicals and of biological materials. Some of these activities are carried out in the context of environmental and human health, while others are done in the security and defence spheres. The principal legal instruments against chemical and biological warfare (CBW) are the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC). They inform the consideration of CBW threats and responses, understanding of past programmes, allegations of the use of biological or chemical weapons, the nature of possible standby programmes, and efforts to ensure that science and technology are not misused for hostile purposes or as a method of warfare.

Citation (MLA):: Hart, John, and Peter Clevestig. "8. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 20 Mar. 2025. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198712596/sipri-9780198712596-chapter-9.xml>.
Citation (APA):: Hart, J., & Clevestig, P. (2016). 8. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2014: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 Mar. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198712596/sipri-9780198712596-chapter-9.xml
Citation (Chicago):: Hart, John, and Peter Clevestig. "8. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials." In SIPRI Yearbook 2014: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 20 Mar. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198712596/sipri-9780198712596-chapter-9.xml

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