Contents

SIPRI Yearbook 2015

SIPRI Yearbook 2015
Contents
Preface
Abbreviations and conventions
- Conventions
- Geographical regions and subregions
SIPRI Yearbook online
Introduction
1. Introduction: international security, armaments and disarmament
- I. The erosion of state legitimacy
- II. Security governance
- III. Dynamics of peace and conflict
Part I. Security and conflicts, 2014
2. The armed conflicts in Syria and Iraq
- Overview
- I. The Syrian and Iraqi civil wars
- II. The socio-economic impact of the Syrian civil war
- III. Arms transfers and the use of force against the Islamic State
3. The Ukraine conflict and its implications
- Overview
- I. The Ukraine crisis: from popular protest to major conflict
- II. The application of European confidence-building measures and confidence- and security-building measures in Ukraine
- III. The impact of the crisis in Ukraine on arms transfers
- IV. Military spending in Europe in the wake of the Ukraine crisis
4. Armed conflict
- Overview
- I. Gender, peace and armed conflict
- II. The diversity of peace and war in Africa
- III. Patterns of organized violence, 2004–13
- IV. The Global Peace Index 2014
5. Peace operations and conflict management
- Overview
- I. Global and regional trends in peace operations
- II. New peace operations
- III. The end of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan
- IV. Table of multilateral peace operations, 2014
6. European security
- Overview
- I. The European security order under strain
- II. The military dimension of Euro–Atlantic security frameworks: the European Union and NATO
- III. The growth in European foreign terrorist fighters
7. Trends in East Asian security
- Overview
- I. Defence and security cooperation in the context of the US rebalance towards the Asia–Pacific
- II. Maritime disputes in the South and East China seas
- III. China’s security diplomacy initiatives
- IV. Japan’s national defence policy reforms
- V. China’s international counterterrorism cooperation
- VI. Russia’s evolving role in North East Asian security
8. Security and development: a primer
- Overview
- I. Beyond fragile states: understanding security and development through a systems approach
- II. Violence against healthcare in fragile systems
- III. Gender, security and development
Part II. Military spending and armaments, 2014
9. Military expenditure
- Overview
- I. Global developments in military expenditure
- II. US military expenditure
- III. The availability of military expenditure data
- IV. The reporting of military expenditure data to the United Nations
- V. Military expenditure data, 2005–14
10. International arms transfers and arms production
- Overview
- I. Developments in arms transfers, 2014
- II. Arms transfers and tensions in North East Asia
- III. Transparency in arms transfers
- IV. The financial value of states’ arms exports
- V. Arms production and military services
11. World nuclear forces
- Overview
- I. US nuclear forces
- II. Russian nuclear forces
- III. British nuclear forces
- IV. French nuclear forces
- V. Chinese nuclear forces
- VI. Indian nuclear forces
- VII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- VIII. Israeli nuclear forces
- IX. North Korea’s military nuclear capabilities
- X. Global stocks and production of fissile materials, 2014
Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2014
12. Nuclear arms control and non-proliferation
- Overview
- I. Iran’s nuclear programme and international concerns
- II. Russian–US nuclear arms control
- III. Developments in multilateral arms control and disarmament
- IV. International cooperation to enhance nuclear security
13. Chemical and biological security threats
- Overview
- I. Infectious diseases and international security
- II. Biological arms control
- III. Chemical arms control and disarmament
- IV. Chemical disarmament in conflict areas
14. Conventional arms control and military confidence building
- Overview
- I. Humanitarian arms control
- II. Small arms control measures
- III. Confidence- and security-building measures in Europe
15. Dual-use and arms trade controls
- Overview
- I. The Arms Trade Treaty
- II. Multilateral arms embargoes
- III. The export control regimes
- IV. EU export control developments
Annexes
Annex A. Arms control and disarmament agreements
- Notes
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
Annex B. International security cooperation bodies
- I. Bodies with a global focus or membership
- II. Bodies with a regional focus or membership
- III. Strategic trade control regimes
Annex C. Chronology 2014
About the authors
Errata

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SIPRI Yearbook 2015

I. Infectious diseases and international security

Chapter:: 13. Chemical and biological security threats
Source:: SIPRI Yearbook 2015
Author(s):: John Hart, Peter Clevestig

The unprecedented scale of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa, which continued throughout 2014, was a stark reminder of the international security threats posed by emerging infectious diseases.¹ EVD cases were initially limited to Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. Sporadic, limited incidences of infection later arose in Europe and the United States, primarily when infected health care workers were brought back to their home countries for treatment.² As of 7 January 2015 more than 20 000 confirmed, probable and suspected EVD cases had been reported, resulting in over 8000 deaths.³ This was the largest outbreak in history since the first cases of the virus were recorded in 1976.⁴ The mortality rate of this strain has varied from 50 per cent to 70 per cent, while previously observed mortality rates of EVD during past outbreaks have varied from 25 per cent to 88 per cent among the five known strains of the virus.⁵ Had the disease been more contagious, the security and health consequences could have reached catastrophic proportions.

Citation (MLA):: Hart, John, and Peter Clevestig. "13. Chemical and biological security threats." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 21 May. 2025. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198737810/sipri-9780198737810-chapter-13-div1-2.xml>.
Citation (APA):: Hart, J., & Clevestig, P. (2016). 13. Chemical and biological security threats. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2015: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 21 May. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198737810/sipri-9780198737810-chapter-13-div1-2.xml
Citation (Chicago):: Hart, John, and Peter Clevestig. "13. Chemical and biological security threats." In SIPRI Yearbook 2015: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 21 May. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198737810/sipri-9780198737810-chapter-13-div1-2.xml

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