- SIPRI Yearbook 2016
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Conventions
- Geographical regions and subregions
- www.sipriyearbook.org
- Introduction
- I. Overview
- II. Unfolding problems of insecurity and conflict, 2015
- III. Responding to insecurity
- IV. Conclusions
- Part I. Armed conflicts and conflict management, 2015
- Overview
- I. The Middle East: 2015 in perspective
- II. The aims, objectives and modus operandi of the Islamic State and the international response
- III. How are refugee flows changing the Middle East?
- IV. The Kurds in the Middle East, 2015
- V. Iran’s dynamics with other states in the Middle East
- Overview
- I. Nuclear-related targeted sanctions on Iran
- II. Financial sanctions
- III. Trade sanctions
- IV. Conventional arms and dual-use items
- V. Travel and transport sanctions
- VI. Conclusions
- Overview
- I. Historical trends in external support in civil wars
- II. External intervention in the Syrian civil war, 2015
- III. External intervention in the Ukraine conflict: towards a frozen conflict in the Donbas
- Overview
- I. Introduction: a chronology of the crisis in Mali
- II. Challenges to the peace process: complexity, fragmentation, extremism and crime
- III. The Mali peace process and the 2015 peace agreement
- Overview
- I. Progress in the collection of quantitative data on collective violence
- II. Patterns of armed conflict, 2006–15
- III. A reversal of peace? The role of foreign involvement in armed conflict: a case study on East Asia
- IV. The state of violence and conflict in the age of the SDGs
- V. Casualty recording in armed conflict: methods and normative issues
- VI. The Global Peace Index, 2016
- Overview
- I. Global trends in peace operations
- II. Regional trends and developments
- III. A year of reviews
- IV. Sexual exploitation and abuse in peace operations
- V. Table of multilateral peace operations, 2015
- Part II. Security and development, 2015
- Overview
- I. The development of the women, peace and security agenda
- II. The 15th anniversary of Resolution 1325: global perspectives
- III. Challenges and progress in implementing the women, peace and security agenda: two case studies
- Overview
- I. Development in dangerous places
- II. Humanitarian operations in 2015
- III. The impact of crisis response: the Nepal earthquake
- IV. Development and human security in Afghanistan
- Overview
- I. Information and communication technology access: a powerful tool for human development
- II. Cybersecurity: a precondition to sustainable information and communication technology-enabled human development
- III. Mapping key actors and efforts in cybersecurity for human development
- Overview
- I. The renewed EU internal security strategy
- II. The response to the multi-site terrorist attacks in Paris
- III. The global refugee crisis and its impact in Europe
- Overview
- I. Understanding the compound risks of climate change and fragility
- II. Climate security policy and initiatives
- III. Entry points for policy and practice
- Part III. Military spending and armaments, 2015
- Overview
- I. Global developments in military expenditure
- II. United States’ military expenditure
- III. China’s military expenditure
- IV. Military and social expenditure*
- V. The reporting of military expenditure data to the United Nations
- VI. About SIPRI military expenditure data
- Overview
- I. Key developments in the arms industry, 2015
- II. Military industrialization: the case of Brazil
- III. The 2014 SIPRI Top 100 arms industry and military services, excluding China
- Overview
- I. Developments in arms transfers, 20151
- II. Arms transfers to the Middle East and North Africa, and the military intervention in Yemen
- III. Transparency in arms transfers
- IV. The financial value of states’ arms exports
- Overview
- I. US nuclear forces
- II. Russian nuclear forces
- III. British nuclear forces
- IV. French nuclear forces
- V. Chinese nuclear forces
- VI. Indian nuclear forces
- VII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- VIII. Israeli nuclear forces
- IX. North Korea’s military nuclear capabilities
- X. Global stocks and production of fissile materials, 2015
- Part IV. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2015
- Overview
- I. Resolving concerns about Iran’s nuclear programme
- II. The 2015 Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference
- III. Other developments in multilateral arms control and disarmament
- Overview
- I. Biological arms control
- II. Chemical arms control
- III. Investigation of alleged chemical weapon use in Syria and other locations in the Middle East
- Overview
- I. The Arms Trade Treaty
- II. Multilateral embargoes on arms and dual-use goods
- III. The export control regimes
- IV. European Union export control developments
- V. The role of industry in dual-use and arms trade control
- Annexes
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
- I. Bodies with a global focus or membership
- II. Bodies with a regional focus or membership
- III. Strategic trade control regimes
- Annex C. Chronology 2015
- About the authors
SIPRI Yearbook 2016
13. Military expenditure
- Chapter:
- 13. Military expenditure
- Source:
- SIPRI Yearbook 2016
- Author(s):
- Sam Perlo-Freeman
World military expenditure is estimated to have been $1676 billion in 2015, representing 2.3 per cent of global gross domestic product or $228 per person (see section I and the tables referred to in section VI of this chapter). Total global expenditure in 2015 was about 1.0 per cent higher in real terms than in 2014.
- Citation (MLA):
- Perlo-Freeman, Sam. "13. Military expenditure." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 28 Mar. 2025. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198787280/sipri-9780198787280-chapter-013.xml>.
- Citation (APA):
- Perlo-Freeman, S. (2016). 13. Military expenditure. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2016: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 28 Mar. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198787280/sipri-9780198787280-chapter-013.xml
- Citation (Chicago):
- Perlo-Freeman, Sam. "13. Military expenditure." In SIPRI Yearbook 2016: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 28 Mar. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198787280/sipri-9780198787280-chapter-013.xml
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- SIPRI Yearbook 2016
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Conventions
- Geographical regions and subregions
- www.sipriyearbook.org
- Introduction
- I. Overview
- II. Unfolding problems of insecurity and conflict, 2015
- III. Responding to insecurity
- IV. Conclusions
- Part I. Armed conflicts and conflict management, 2015
- Overview
- I. The Middle East: 2015 in perspective
- II. The aims, objectives and modus operandi of the Islamic State and the international response
- III. How are refugee flows changing the Middle East?
- IV. The Kurds in the Middle East, 2015
- V. Iran’s dynamics with other states in the Middle East
- Overview
- I. Nuclear-related targeted sanctions on Iran
- II. Financial sanctions
- III. Trade sanctions
- IV. Conventional arms and dual-use items
- V. Travel and transport sanctions
- VI. Conclusions
- Overview
- I. Historical trends in external support in civil wars
- II. External intervention in the Syrian civil war, 2015
- III. External intervention in the Ukraine conflict: towards a frozen conflict in the Donbas
- Overview
- I. Introduction: a chronology of the crisis in Mali
- II. Challenges to the peace process: complexity, fragmentation, extremism and crime
- III. The Mali peace process and the 2015 peace agreement
- Overview
- I. Progress in the collection of quantitative data on collective violence
- II. Patterns of armed conflict, 2006–15
- III. A reversal of peace? The role of foreign involvement in armed conflict: a case study on East Asia
- IV. The state of violence and conflict in the age of the SDGs
- V. Casualty recording in armed conflict: methods and normative issues
- VI. The Global Peace Index, 2016
- Overview
- I. Global trends in peace operations
- II. Regional trends and developments
- III. A year of reviews
- IV. Sexual exploitation and abuse in peace operations
- V. Table of multilateral peace operations, 2015
- Part II. Security and development, 2015
- Overview
- I. The development of the women, peace and security agenda
- II. The 15th anniversary of Resolution 1325: global perspectives
- III. Challenges and progress in implementing the women, peace and security agenda: two case studies
- Overview
- I. Development in dangerous places
- II. Humanitarian operations in 2015
- III. The impact of crisis response: the Nepal earthquake
- IV. Development and human security in Afghanistan
- Overview
- I. Information and communication technology access: a powerful tool for human development
- II. Cybersecurity: a precondition to sustainable information and communication technology-enabled human development
- III. Mapping key actors and efforts in cybersecurity for human development
- Overview
- I. The renewed EU internal security strategy
- II. The response to the multi-site terrorist attacks in Paris
- III. The global refugee crisis and its impact in Europe
- Overview
- I. Understanding the compound risks of climate change and fragility
- II. Climate security policy and initiatives
- III. Entry points for policy and practice
- Part III. Military spending and armaments, 2015
- Overview
- I. Global developments in military expenditure
- II. United States’ military expenditure
- III. China’s military expenditure
- IV. Military and social expenditure*
- V. The reporting of military expenditure data to the United Nations
- VI. About SIPRI military expenditure data
- Overview
- I. Key developments in the arms industry, 2015
- II. Military industrialization: the case of Brazil
- III. The 2014 SIPRI Top 100 arms industry and military services, excluding China
- Overview
- I. Developments in arms transfers, 20151
- II. Arms transfers to the Middle East and North Africa, and the military intervention in Yemen
- III. Transparency in arms transfers
- IV. The financial value of states’ arms exports
- Overview
- I. US nuclear forces
- II. Russian nuclear forces
- III. British nuclear forces
- IV. French nuclear forces
- V. Chinese nuclear forces
- VI. Indian nuclear forces
- VII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- VIII. Israeli nuclear forces
- IX. North Korea’s military nuclear capabilities
- X. Global stocks and production of fissile materials, 2015
- Part IV. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2015
- Overview
- I. Resolving concerns about Iran’s nuclear programme
- II. The 2015 Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference
- III. Other developments in multilateral arms control and disarmament
- Overview
- I. Biological arms control
- II. Chemical arms control
- III. Investigation of alleged chemical weapon use in Syria and other locations in the Middle East
- Overview
- I. The Arms Trade Treaty
- II. Multilateral embargoes on arms and dual-use goods
- III. The export control regimes
- IV. European Union export control developments
- V. The role of industry in dual-use and arms trade control
- Annexes
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
- I. Bodies with a global focus or membership
- II. Bodies with a regional focus or membership
- III. Strategic trade control regimes
- Annex C. Chronology 2015
- About the authors