- Contents
- Preface
- Conventions
- Geographical regions and subregions
- SIPRI Yearbook online
- Introduction
- I. The year 2016 in review
- II. Trends in armaments and disarmament
- III. International politics and global security
- IV. Conclusions
- Part I. Armed conflicts and conflict management, 2016
- Overview
- I. Patterns of organized violence, 2007–16
- II. Out of the darkness? The hope for peace in Colombia
- III. Mapping armed conflicts over Islamist claims: exploring regional variations
- IV. The Global Peace Index 2017
- Overview
- I. The Middle East and North Africa: 2016 in perspective
- II. The Islamic State in 2016: a failing ‘caliphate’ but a growing transnational threat?
- III. Military spending and arms transfers to the Middle East and North Africa
- Overview
- I. Conflict or peace in Europe? Increasing uncertainties, rising insecurities
- II. Conflicts in the post-Soviet space: recent developments
- III. Turkey’s search for stability and legitimacy in 2016
- Overview
- I. Global trends in peace operations
- II. Regional trends and developments
- III. Protection of civilians: the case of South Sudan
- IV. Table of multilateral peace operations, 2016
- Part II. Security and development, 2016
- Overview
- I. Peace and development
- II. Sustaining peace: the new overarching United Nations framework
- III. Delivering as one: other multilateral mechanisms for sustaining peace
- IV. The peace being sustained: operationalizing prevention
- Overview
- I. Introduction
- II. Displacement dangers
- III. Crises of forced displacement in fragile contexts: key developments in 2016
- IV. United Nations and regional responses to displacement crises
- V. Conclusions
- Overview
- I. Exploring the climate–conflict link: the case of East Africa
- II. Weather-related disasters and violent conflict
- Part III. Military spending and armaments, 2016
- Overview
- I. Global developments in military expenditure
- II. US military expenditure
- III. Oil price shocks and military expenditure
- IV. The backdating of SIPRI military expenditure data
- V. Transparency in military expenditure data
- Overview
- I. Developments in arms transfers, 20161
- II. Arms transfers as military aid
- III. Transparency in arms transfers
- IV. The financial value of states’ arms exports
- V. Arms production and military services
- Overview
- I. US nuclear forces
- II. Russian nuclear forces
- III. British nuclear forces
- IV. French nuclear forces
- V. Chinese nuclear forces
- VI. Indian nuclear forces
- VII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- VIII. Israeli nuclear forces
- IX. North Korea’s military nuclear capabilities
- X. Global stocks and production of fissile materials, 2016
- XI. Nuclear explosions, 1945–2016
- Part IV. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2016
- Overview
- I. Russian–US nuclear arms control and disarmament
- II. International cooperation to enhance nuclear security
- III. Initiatives and multilateral treaties on nuclear disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control
- IV. Implementation of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in Iran
- Overview
- I. Achieving clarity on Syrian chemical weapon declarations to the OPCW and continued chemical weapon use allegations
- II. Allegations of use of chemical weapons in Iraq
- III. Chemical arms control and disarmament
- IV. Biological arms control
- Overview
- I. International humanitarian law: ICRC guidance and its application in urban warfare
- II. Humanitarian arms control regimes: key developments in 2016
- III. A relaunch of conventional arms control in Europe?
- Overview
- I. The Arms Trade Treaty
- II. Multilateral embargoes on arms and dual-use items
- III. The export control regimes
- IV. Developments in EU dual-use and arms trade controls
- V. Human rights, the European Union and dual-use export controls
- Annexes
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
- I. Bodies with a global focus or membership
- II. Bodies with a regional focus or membership
- III. Strategic trade control regimes
- Annex C. Chronology 2016
- About the authors
SIPRI Yearbook 2017
IV. Biological arms control
- Chapter:
- 13. Chemical and biological security threats
- Source:
- SIPRI Yearbook 2017
- Author(s):
- John Hart
The principal legal instrument against biological warfare is the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC).1 In 2016 Angola, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Nepal joined the convention. As of December 2016 the BTWC had 178 states parties and 6 signatory states.2
- Citation (MLA):
- Hart, John. "13. Chemical and biological security threats." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 20 Mar. 2025. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198811800/sipri-9780198811800-chapter-13-div1-78.xml>.
- Citation (APA):
- Hart, J. (2016). 13. Chemical and biological security threats. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2017: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 Mar. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198811800/sipri-9780198811800-chapter-13-div1-78.xml
- Citation (Chicago):
- Hart, John. "13. Chemical and biological security threats." In SIPRI Yearbook 2017: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 20 Mar. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198811800/sipri-9780198811800-chapter-13-div1-78.xml
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If you think you should have access to this service, please contact your librarian.
- Contents
- Preface
- Conventions
- Geographical regions and subregions
- SIPRI Yearbook online
- Introduction
- I. The year 2016 in review
- II. Trends in armaments and disarmament
- III. International politics and global security
- IV. Conclusions
- Part I. Armed conflicts and conflict management, 2016
- Overview
- I. Patterns of organized violence, 2007–16
- II. Out of the darkness? The hope for peace in Colombia
- III. Mapping armed conflicts over Islamist claims: exploring regional variations
- IV. The Global Peace Index 2017
- Overview
- I. The Middle East and North Africa: 2016 in perspective
- II. The Islamic State in 2016: a failing ‘caliphate’ but a growing transnational threat?
- III. Military spending and arms transfers to the Middle East and North Africa
- Overview
- I. Conflict or peace in Europe? Increasing uncertainties, rising insecurities
- II. Conflicts in the post-Soviet space: recent developments
- III. Turkey’s search for stability and legitimacy in 2016
- Overview
- I. Global trends in peace operations
- II. Regional trends and developments
- III. Protection of civilians: the case of South Sudan
- IV. Table of multilateral peace operations, 2016
- Part II. Security and development, 2016
- Overview
- I. Peace and development
- II. Sustaining peace: the new overarching United Nations framework
- III. Delivering as one: other multilateral mechanisms for sustaining peace
- IV. The peace being sustained: operationalizing prevention
- Overview
- I. Introduction
- II. Displacement dangers
- III. Crises of forced displacement in fragile contexts: key developments in 2016
- IV. United Nations and regional responses to displacement crises
- V. Conclusions
- Overview
- I. Exploring the climate–conflict link: the case of East Africa
- II. Weather-related disasters and violent conflict
- Part III. Military spending and armaments, 2016
- Overview
- I. Global developments in military expenditure
- II. US military expenditure
- III. Oil price shocks and military expenditure
- IV. The backdating of SIPRI military expenditure data
- V. Transparency in military expenditure data
- Overview
- I. Developments in arms transfers, 20161
- II. Arms transfers as military aid
- III. Transparency in arms transfers
- IV. The financial value of states’ arms exports
- V. Arms production and military services
- Overview
- I. US nuclear forces
- II. Russian nuclear forces
- III. British nuclear forces
- IV. French nuclear forces
- V. Chinese nuclear forces
- VI. Indian nuclear forces
- VII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- VIII. Israeli nuclear forces
- IX. North Korea’s military nuclear capabilities
- X. Global stocks and production of fissile materials, 2016
- XI. Nuclear explosions, 1945–2016
- Part IV. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2016
- Overview
- I. Russian–US nuclear arms control and disarmament
- II. International cooperation to enhance nuclear security
- III. Initiatives and multilateral treaties on nuclear disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control
- IV. Implementation of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in Iran
- Overview
- I. Achieving clarity on Syrian chemical weapon declarations to the OPCW and continued chemical weapon use allegations
- II. Allegations of use of chemical weapons in Iraq
- III. Chemical arms control and disarmament
- IV. Biological arms control
- Overview
- I. International humanitarian law: ICRC guidance and its application in urban warfare
- II. Humanitarian arms control regimes: key developments in 2016
- III. A relaunch of conventional arms control in Europe?
- Overview
- I. The Arms Trade Treaty
- II. Multilateral embargoes on arms and dual-use items
- III. The export control regimes
- IV. Developments in EU dual-use and arms trade controls
- V. Human rights, the European Union and dual-use export controls
- Annexes
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
- I. Bodies with a global focus or membership
- II. Bodies with a regional focus or membership
- III. Strategic trade control regimes
- Annex C. Chronology 2016
- About the authors