Contents

SIPRI Yearbook 2017

Contents
Preface
Abbreviations and conventions
- Conventions
- Geographical regions and subregions
SIPRI Yearbook online
Introduction
1. Introduction: international security, armaments and disarmament
- I. The year 2016 in review
- II. Trends in armaments and disarmament
- III. International politics and global security
- IV. Conclusions
Part I. Armed conflicts and conflict management, 2016
2. Armed conflict and peace processes
- Overview
- I. Patterns of organized violence, 2007–16
- II. Out of the darkness? The hope for peace in Colombia
- III. Mapping armed conflicts over Islamist claims: exploring regional variations
- IV. The Global Peace Index 2017
3. Armed conflict and instability in the Middle East and North Africa
- Overview
- I. The Middle East and North Africa: 2016 in perspective
- II. The Islamic State in 2016: a failing ‘caliphate’ but a growing transnational threat?
- III. Military spending and arms transfers to the Middle East and North Africa
4. European security
- Overview
- I. Conflict or peace in Europe? Increasing uncertainties, rising insecurities
- II. Conflicts in the post-Soviet space: recent developments
- III. Turkey’s search for stability and legitimacy in 2016
5. Peace operations and conflict management
- Overview
- I. Global trends in peace operations
- II. Regional trends and developments
- III. Protection of civilians: the case of South Sudan
- IV. Table of multilateral peace operations, 2016
Part II. Security and development, 2016
6. Sustaining peace and sustainable development in dangerous places
- Overview
- I. Peace and development
- II. Sustaining peace: the new overarching United Nations framework
- III. Delivering as one: other multilateral mechanisms for sustaining peace
- IV. The peace being sustained: operationalizing prevention
7. Coping with crises: forced displacement in fragile contexts
- Overview
- I. Introduction
- II. Displacement dangers
- III. Crises of forced displacement in fragile contexts: key developments in 2016
- IV. United Nations and regional responses to displacement crises
- V. Conclusions
8. Exploring the links between climate change and violent conflict
- Overview
- I. Exploring the climate–conflict link: the case of East Africa
- II. Weather-related disasters and violent conflict
Part III. Military spending and armaments, 2016
9. Military expenditure
- Overview
- I. Global developments in military expenditure
- II. US military expenditure
- III. Oil price shocks and military expenditure
- IV. The backdating of SIPRI military expenditure data
- V. Transparency in military expenditure data
10. International arms transfers and developments in arms production
- Overview
- I. Developments in arms transfers, 2016
- II. Arms transfers as military aid
- III. Transparency in arms transfers
- IV. The financial value of states’ arms exports
- V. Arms production and military services
11. World nuclear forces
- Overview
- I. US nuclear forces
- II. Russian nuclear forces
- III. British nuclear forces
- IV. French nuclear forces
- V. Chinese nuclear forces
- VI. Indian nuclear forces
- VII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- VIII. Israeli nuclear forces
- IX. North Korea’s military nuclear capabilities
- X. Global stocks and production of fissile materials, 2016
- XI. Nuclear explosions, 1945–2016
Part IV. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2016
12. Nuclear disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control
- Overview
- I. Russian–US nuclear arms control and disarmament
- II. International cooperation to enhance nuclear security
- III. Initiatives and multilateral treaties on nuclear disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control
- IV. Implementation of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in Iran
13. Chemical and biological security threats
- Overview
- I. Achieving clarity on Syrian chemical weapon declarations to the OPCW and continued chemical weapon use allegations
- II. Allegations of use of chemical weapons in Iraq
- III. Chemical arms control and disarmament
- IV. Biological arms control
14. Conventional arms control
- Overview
- I. International humanitarian law: ICRC guidance and its application in urban warfare
- II. Humanitarian arms control regimes: key developments in 2016
- III. A relaunch of conventional arms control in Europe?
15. Dual-use and arms trade controls
- Overview
- I. The Arms Trade Treaty
- II. Multilateral embargoes on arms and dual-use items
- III. The export control regimes
- IV. Developments in EU dual-use and arms trade controls
- V. Human rights, the European Union and dual-use export controls
Annexes
Annex A. Arms control and disarmament agreements
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
Annex B. International security cooperation bodies
- I. Bodies with a global focus or membership
- II. Bodies with a regional focus or membership
- III. Strategic trade control regimes
Annex C. Chronology 2016
About the authors

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SIPRI Yearbook 2017

13. Chemical and biological security threats

Chapter:: 13. Chemical and biological security threats
Source:: SIPRI Yearbook 2017
Author(s):: John Hart

In 2016 there were continued instances (alleged and confirmed) of the use of chemical weapons in the armed conflicts in Iraq and Syria. Governments continued to target Islamic State (IS) including suspected chemical weapon-related infrastructure in connection with the 2016 Mosul offensive. The United Nations Security Council remained split over whether the Syrian Government has engaged in chemical warfare.

Citation (MLA):: Hart, John. "13. Chemical and biological security threats." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 21 Jan. 2025. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198811800/sipri-9780198811800-chapter-13.xml>.
Citation (APA):: Hart, J. (2016). 13. Chemical and biological security threats. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2017: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 21 Jan. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198811800/sipri-9780198811800-chapter-13.xml
Citation (Chicago):: Hart, John. "13. Chemical and biological security threats." In SIPRI Yearbook 2017: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 21 Jan. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198811800/sipri-9780198811800-chapter-13.xml

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