Contents

SIPRI Yearbook 2020

Contents
Preface
Abbreviations and conventions
- Abbreviations and conventions
- Conventions
- Geographical regions and subregions
SIPRI Yearbook online
Introduction
1. Introduction: International stability and human security in 2019
- I. Flashpoints
- II. Arms control
- III. Climate change
- IV. The international system and law
Part I. Armed conflict and conflict management, 2019
2. Global developments in armed conflict, peace processes and peace operations
- Overview
- I. Tracking armed conflicts and peace processes
- II. Global and regional trends and developments in multilateral peace operations
- III. Table of multilateral peace operations, 2019
3. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Americas
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict and the peace process in Colombia
- III. Armed conflict in Mexico
4. Armed conflict and peace processes in Asia and Oceania
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict and peace processes in South Asia
- III. Armed conflict and peace processes in South East Asia
5. Armed conflict and peace processes in Europe
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict and the peace process in Ukraine
6. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Middle East and North Africa
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict and peace processes in Iraq, Syria and Turkey
- III. The Israeli–Palestinian conflict and peace process
- IV. Armed conflict and peace processes in North Africa
- V. Armed conflict and peace processes in Yemen
7. Armed conflict and peace processes in sub-Saharan Africa
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Sahel and Lake Chad region
- III. Armed conflict and peace processes in Central Africa
- IV. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Horn of Africa
Part II. Military spending and armaments, 2019
8. Military expenditure
- Overview
- I. Global developments in military expenditure, 2019
- II. Regional developments in military expenditure, 2019
- III. Spending on military equipment by European members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- IV. Transparency in military expenditure
9. International arms transfers and developments in arms production
- Overview
- I. Developments among the suppliers of major arms, 2015–19
- II. Developments among the recipients of major arms, 2015–19
- III. Transparency in arms transfers
- IV. The financial value of states’ arms exports
- V. The 100 largest arms-producing and military services companies, 2018
10. World nuclear forces
- Overview
- I. US nuclear forces
- II. Russian nuclear forces
- III. British nuclear forces
- IV. French nuclear forces
- V. Chinese nuclear forces
- VI. Indian nuclear forces
- VII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- VIII. Israeli nuclear forces
- IX. North Korea’s military nuclear capabilities
- X. Global stocks and production of fissile materials, 2019
Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2019
11. Nuclear disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation
- Overview
- I. Russian–United States nuclear arms control and disarmament
- II. North Korean–United States nuclear diplomacy
- III. Implementation of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
- IV. Multilateral nuclear arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation treaties and initiatives
12. Chemical and biological security threats
- Overview
- I. Allegations of use of chemical weapons in Syria
- II. Use of novichok agents
- III. Chemical arms control and disarmament
- IV. Biological weapon disarmament and non-proliferation
13. Conventional arms control and new weapon technologies
- Overview
- I. Global instruments for conventional arms control
- II. The group of governmental experts on lethal autonomous weapon systems
- III. Creeping towards an arms race in outer space
14. Dual-use and arms trade controls
- Overview
- I. The Arms Trade Treaty
- II. Multilateral arms embargoes
- III. The multilateral export control regimes
- IV. Developments in the European Union’s dual-use and arms trade controls
Annexes
Annex A. Arms control and disarmament agreements
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
Annex B. International security cooperation bodies
- I. Bodies with a global focus or membership
- II. Bodies with a regional focus or membership
- III. Strategic trade control regimes
Annex C. Chronology 2019
About the authors

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SIPRI Yearbook 2020

I. Key general developments in the region

Chapter:: 5. Armed conflict and peace processes in Europe
Source:: SIPRI Yearbook 2020
Author(s):: Ian Davis

One armed conflict was active in Europe in 2019: in Ukraine (see section II). Although most of Europe has seemed peaceful for about two decades, various tensions remain, such as: (a) persistent tensions between Russia and most of the rest of Europe; (b) long-standing conflicts that have not yet been resolved, especially in the post-Soviet space, the Western Balkans and Cyprus; and (c) the security challenges in Europe’s southern flank, including several European states’ involvement in armed conflicts in Afghanistan, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and sub-Saharan Africa. These three issues are discussed briefly below.

Citation (MLA):: Davis, Ian. "5. Armed conflict and peace processes in Europe." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 19 May. 2025. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198869207/sipri-9780198869207-chapter-005-div1-024.xml>.
Citation (APA):: Davis, I. (2016). 5. Armed conflict and peace processes in Europe. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2020: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 May. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198869207/sipri-9780198869207-chapter-005-div1-024.xml
Citation (Chicago):: Davis, Ian. "5. Armed conflict and peace processes in Europe." In SIPRI Yearbook 2020: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 19 May. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198869207/sipri-9780198869207-chapter-005-div1-024.xml

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