Contents

SIPRI Yearbook 2020

Contents
Preface
Abbreviations and conventions
- Abbreviations and conventions
- Conventions
- Geographical regions and subregions
SIPRI Yearbook online
Introduction
1. Introduction: International stability and human security in 2019
- I. Flashpoints
- II. Arms control
- III. Climate change
- IV. The international system and law
Part I. Armed conflict and conflict management, 2019
2. Global developments in armed conflict, peace processes and peace operations
- Overview
- I. Tracking armed conflicts and peace processes
- II. Global and regional trends and developments in multilateral peace operations
- III. Table of multilateral peace operations, 2019
3. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Americas
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict and the peace process in Colombia
- III. Armed conflict in Mexico
4. Armed conflict and peace processes in Asia and Oceania
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict and peace processes in South Asia
- III. Armed conflict and peace processes in South East Asia
5. Armed conflict and peace processes in Europe
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict and the peace process in Ukraine
6. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Middle East and North Africa
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict and peace processes in Iraq, Syria and Turkey
- III. The Israeli–Palestinian conflict and peace process
- IV. Armed conflict and peace processes in North Africa
- V. Armed conflict and peace processes in Yemen
7. Armed conflict and peace processes in sub-Saharan Africa
- Overview
- I. Key general developments in the region
- II. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Sahel and Lake Chad region
- III. Armed conflict and peace processes in Central Africa
- IV. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Horn of Africa
Part II. Military spending and armaments, 2019
8. Military expenditure
- Overview
- I. Global developments in military expenditure, 2019
- II. Regional developments in military expenditure, 2019
- III. Spending on military equipment by European members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- IV. Transparency in military expenditure
9. International arms transfers and developments in arms production
- Overview
- I. Developments among the suppliers of major arms, 2015–19
- II. Developments among the recipients of major arms, 2015–19
- III. Transparency in arms transfers
- IV. The financial value of states’ arms exports
- V. The 100 largest arms-producing and military services companies, 2018
10. World nuclear forces
- Overview
- I. US nuclear forces
- II. Russian nuclear forces
- III. British nuclear forces
- IV. French nuclear forces
- V. Chinese nuclear forces
- VI. Indian nuclear forces
- VII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- VIII. Israeli nuclear forces
- IX. North Korea’s military nuclear capabilities
- X. Global stocks and production of fissile materials, 2019
Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2019
11. Nuclear disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation
- Overview
- I. Russian–United States nuclear arms control and disarmament
- II. North Korean–United States nuclear diplomacy
- III. Implementation of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
- IV. Multilateral nuclear arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation treaties and initiatives
12. Chemical and biological security threats
- Overview
- I. Allegations of use of chemical weapons in Syria
- II. Use of novichok agents
- III. Chemical arms control and disarmament
- IV. Biological weapon disarmament and non-proliferation
13. Conventional arms control and new weapon technologies
- Overview
- I. Global instruments for conventional arms control
- II. The group of governmental experts on lethal autonomous weapon systems
- III. Creeping towards an arms race in outer space
14. Dual-use and arms trade controls
- Overview
- I. The Arms Trade Treaty
- II. Multilateral arms embargoes
- III. The multilateral export control regimes
- IV. Developments in the European Union’s dual-use and arms trade controls
Annexes
Annex A. Arms control and disarmament agreements
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
Annex B. International security cooperation bodies
- I. Bodies with a global focus or membership
- II. Bodies with a regional focus or membership
- III. Strategic trade control regimes
Annex C. Chronology 2019
About the authors

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SIPRI Yearbook 2020

I. Key general developments in the region

Chapter:: 6. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Middle East and North Africa
Source:: SIPRI Yearbook 2020
Author(s):: Ian Davis

There were seven countries with active armed conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in 2019 (the same as in 2018): Egypt (high-intensity, subnational armed conflict), Iraq (internationalized civil war), Israel (low-intensity, extrastate armed conflict), Libya (internationalized civil war), Syria (major internationalized civil war), Turkey (low-intensity, extrastate and subnational armed conflict) and Yemen (major internationalized civil war).¹ All the armed conflicts had fewer fatalities than in 2018, except for Libya (which increased from nearly 12 000 fatalities in 2018 to nearly 21 000 in 2019).² Developments in each of the armed conflicts and any related peace processes are covered in subsequent sections: Iraq, Syria and Turkey (section II); the Israeli–Palestinian conflict (section III); Egypt and Libya (section IV); and Yemen (section V).

Citation (MLA):: Davis, Ian. "6. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Middle East and North Africa." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 14 May. 2025. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198869207/sipri-9780198869207-chapter-006-div1-033.xml>.
Citation (APA):: Davis, I. (2016). 6. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Middle East and North Africa. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2020: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 14 May. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198869207/sipri-9780198869207-chapter-006-div1-033.xml
Citation (Chicago):: Davis, Ian. "6. Armed conflict and peace processes in the Middle East and North Africa." In SIPRI Yearbook 2020: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 14 May. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198869207/sipri-9780198869207-chapter-006-div1-033.xml

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