Contents

SIPRI Yearbook 2024

Contents
Preface
Abbreviations and conventions
SIPRI Yearbook online
Introduction
1. Introduction: International stability and human security in 2023
- I. World order
- II. A disordered world
- III. Laws and norms in question
- IV. International security and stability in question
- V. International instability, insecurity and the ecological crisis
- VI. Cooperation and security
Part I. Armed conflict and conflict management, 2023
2. Trends in armed conflict
- Overview
- I. Global trends and regional developments in armed conflict
- II. Peace processes
- III. Armed conflicts active in 2023
3. Multilateral peace operations
- Overview
- I. Global trends and developments in peace operations
- II. Organizations conducting multilateral peace operations
- III. The way forward for multilateral peace operations
- IV. Table of multilateral peace operations, 2023
4. Thematic issues in armed conflict
- Overview
- I. The role of the Wagner Group and other Russian private military and security companies in armed conflicts in 2023
- II. Food systems and geopolitics
- III. Climate, peace and security in Yemen
Part II. Military spending and armaments, 2023
5. Military expenditure and developments in arms production
- Overview
- I. Global developments in military expenditure, 2023
- II. Regional developments in military expenditure, 2023
- III. The SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing and military services companies, 2022: Regional and national developments
- IV. The arms industry facing rising demand
6. International arms transfers
- Overview
- I. Global trends in arms transfers, 2019–23
- II. Developments among the suppliers of major arms, 2019–23
- III. Developments among the recipients of major arms, 2019–23
7. World nuclear forces
- Overview
- I. United States nuclear forces
- II. Russian nuclear forces
- III. British nuclear forces
- IV. French nuclear forces
- V. Chinese nuclear forces
- VI. Indian nuclear forces
- VII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- VIII. North Korean nuclear forces
- IX. Israeli nuclear forces
- X. Global stocks and production of fissile materials, 2023
Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2023
8. Nuclear disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation
- Overview
- I. Nuclear arms control involving China, Russia and the United States
- II. Multilateral nuclear arms control, disarmament and nonproliferation treaties and initiatives
- III. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran’s nuclear programme
- IV. Attacks on nuclear installations in Ukraine and the response missions of the International Atomic Energy Agency
9. Chemical, biological and health security threats
- Overview
- I. Allegations of and reactions to chemical weapon use
- II. Chemical weapon control and disarmament
- III. Biological weapon disarmament and non-proliferation
- IV. Health security
10. Conventional arms control and the regulation of inhumane weapons
- Overview
- I. Multilateral regulation of inhumane weapons and other conventional weapons of humanitarian concern
- II. Explosive weapons and the protection of civilians during the Russia–Ukraine and Israel–Hamas wars
- III. Arms control, non-proliferation and use of missiles
- IV. The end of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
- V. The Global Framework for Through-life Conventional Ammunition Management
- VI. International transparency in arms procurement and military expenditure as confidence-building measures
11. International governance of artificial intelligence, cyberspace and outer space
- Overview
- I. Governing the impact of artificial intelligence on international peace and security
- II. Governance of cyberspace and the malicious use of information and communications technology
- III. Developments in space security governance
12. Dual-use and arms trade controls
- Overview
- I. The Arms Trade Treaty
- II. Multilateral arms embargoes
- III. The multilateral export control regimes
- IV. Developments in the European Union’s dual-use and arms trade controls
Annexes
Annex A. Arms control and disarmament agreements
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
Annex B. International security cooperation bodies
- I. Bodies with a global focus or membership
- II. Bodies with a regional focus or membership
- III. Strategic trade control regimes
Annex C. Chronology 2023
About the authors

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SIPRI Yearbook 2024

9. Chemical, biological and health security threats

Chapter:: 9. Chemical, biological and health security threats
Source:: SIPRI Yearbook 2024
Author(s):: Una Jakob, Filippa Lentzos

Proceedings in the main international forums on the prevention of chemical and biological warfare were characterized in 2023 by obstruction and disinformation by a small number of states. This contrasted with some positive achievements in the field of health security and chemical disarmament.

Citation (MLA):: Jakob, Una, and Filippa Lentzos. "9. Chemical, biological and health security threats." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 19 May. 2025. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198930570/sipri-9780198930570-chapter-009.xml>.
Citation (APA):: Jakob, U., & Lentzos, F. (2016). 9. Chemical, biological and health security threats. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2024: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 May. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198930570/sipri-9780198930570-chapter-009.xml
Citation (Chicago):: Jakob, Una, and Filippa Lentzos. "9. Chemical, biological and health security threats." In SIPRI Yearbook 2024: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 19 May. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198930570/sipri-9780198930570-chapter-009.xml

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