Contents

SIPRI Yearbook 2024

Contents
Preface
Abbreviations and conventions
SIPRI Yearbook online
Introduction
1. Introduction: International stability and human security in 2023
- I. World order
- II. A disordered world
- III. Laws and norms in question
- IV. International security and stability in question
- V. International instability, insecurity and the ecological crisis
- VI. Cooperation and security
Part I. Armed conflict and conflict management, 2023
2. Trends in armed conflict
- Overview
- I. Global trends and regional developments in armed conflict
- II. Peace processes
- III. Armed conflicts active in 2023
3. Multilateral peace operations
- Overview
- I. Global trends and developments in peace operations
- II. Organizations conducting multilateral peace operations
- III. The way forward for multilateral peace operations
- IV. Table of multilateral peace operations, 2023
4. Thematic issues in armed conflict
- Overview
- I. The role of the Wagner Group and other Russian private military and security companies in armed conflicts in 2023
- II. Food systems and geopolitics
- III. Climate, peace and security in Yemen
Part II. Military spending and armaments, 2023
5. Military expenditure and developments in arms production
- Overview
- I. Global developments in military expenditure, 2023
- II. Regional developments in military expenditure, 2023
- III. The SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing and military services companies, 2022: Regional and national developments
- IV. The arms industry facing rising demand
6. International arms transfers
- Overview
- I. Global trends in arms transfers, 2019–23
- II. Developments among the suppliers of major arms, 2019–23
- III. Developments among the recipients of major arms, 2019–23
7. World nuclear forces
- Overview
- I. United States nuclear forces
- II. Russian nuclear forces
- III. British nuclear forces
- IV. French nuclear forces
- V. Chinese nuclear forces
- VI. Indian nuclear forces
- VII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- VIII. North Korean nuclear forces
- IX. Israeli nuclear forces
- X. Global stocks and production of fissile materials, 2023
Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2023
8. Nuclear disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation
- Overview
- I. Nuclear arms control involving China, Russia and the United States
- II. Multilateral nuclear arms control, disarmament and nonproliferation treaties and initiatives
- III. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran’s nuclear programme
- IV. Attacks on nuclear installations in Ukraine and the response missions of the International Atomic Energy Agency
9. Chemical, biological and health security threats
- Overview
- I. Allegations of and reactions to chemical weapon use
- II. Chemical weapon control and disarmament
- III. Biological weapon disarmament and non-proliferation
- IV. Health security
10. Conventional arms control and the regulation of inhumane weapons
- Overview
- I. Multilateral regulation of inhumane weapons and other conventional weapons of humanitarian concern
- II. Explosive weapons and the protection of civilians during the Russia–Ukraine and Israel–Hamas wars
- III. Arms control, non-proliferation and use of missiles
- IV. The end of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
- V. The Global Framework for Through-life Conventional Ammunition Management
- VI. International transparency in arms procurement and military expenditure as confidence-building measures
11. International governance of artificial intelligence, cyberspace and outer space
- Overview
- I. Governing the impact of artificial intelligence on international peace and security
- II. Governance of cyberspace and the malicious use of information and communications technology
- III. Developments in space security governance
12. Dual-use and arms trade controls
- Overview
- I. The Arms Trade Treaty
- II. Multilateral arms embargoes
- III. The multilateral export control regimes
- IV. Developments in the European Union’s dual-use and arms trade controls
Annexes
Annex A. Arms control and disarmament agreements
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
Annex B. International security cooperation bodies
- I. Bodies with a global focus or membership
- II. Bodies with a regional focus or membership
- III. Strategic trade control regimes
Annex C. Chronology 2023
About the authors

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SIPRI Yearbook 2024

I. Governing the impact of artificial intelligence on international peace and security

Chapter:: 11. International governance of artificial intelligence, cyberspace and outer space
Source:: SIPRI Yearbook 2024
Author(s):: Vincent Boulanin, Allison Pytlak, Nivedita Raju

For a decade, the international policy community discussed the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on international peace and security almost exclusively through the prism of autonomous weapon systems (AWS).¹ This was because AWS remained the core technology of concern, even though AI enables the development of more advanced AWS. In 2023 that perspective changed. AI became a major concern its own right, as the international policy community came to realize that AI can impact international peace and security in many other ways beyond its role in the development of AWS.

Citation (MLA):: Boulanin, Vincent, Allison Pytlak, and Nivedita Raju. "11. International governance of artificial intelligence, cyberspace and outer space." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 13 May. 2025. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198930570/sipri-9780198930570-chapter-011-div1-067.xml>.
Citation (APA):: Boulanin, V., Pytlak, A., & Raju, N. (2016). 11. International governance of artificial intelligence, cyberspace and outer space. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2024: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 May. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198930570/sipri-9780198930570-chapter-011-div1-067.xml
Citation (Chicago):: Boulanin, Vincent, Allison Pytlak, and Nivedita Raju. "11. International governance of artificial intelligence, cyberspace and outer space." In SIPRI Yearbook 2024: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 13 May. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780198930570/sipri-9780198930570-chapter-011-div1-067.xml

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