- SIPRI Yearbook 2010: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Abstracts
- Abbreviations and conventions
- I. Overview
- II. SIPRI Yearbook 2010: highlights and findings
- III. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Staged reductions in Russian and US nuclear weapons
- III. Broadening the circle: involving other nuclear-armed states in a campaign to eliminate nuclear weapons
- IV. Ancillary agreements necessary to support and sustain a world without nuclear weapons
- V. Deterrence in a world without nuclear weapons
- VI. Governance and institution building: how much must change?
- VII. How political and doctrinal changes pave the way for international agreements: the US case
- VIII. Conclusions: looking ahead
- I. Introduction
- II. Crime and criminal violence: data, methodology and global trends
- III. Transnational crime in armed conflict settings
- IV. A new type of armed conflict?
- V. Conclusions
- I. Global patterns in major armed conflicts
- II. Regional patterns
- III. Changes in the table of conflicts for 2009
- IV. Definitions, sources and methods
- I. Introduction
- II. Highlights and changes
- III. Methodology and data sources
- IV. Investigating the set of potential determinants
- I. Introduction
- II. Addressing the civilian capacity gap in peace operations
- III. The UN Mission in Sudan
- IV. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Global trends
- III. Regional trends
- IV. Table of multilateral peace operations
- I. Introduction
- II. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- III. The European Union
- IV. Renewing pan-European security cooperation?
- V. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Africa
- III. Latin America
- IV. The Middle East
- V. Asia and Oceania
- VI. Europe
- VII. North America
- VIII. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Regional trends and major spenders
- III. Tables of military expenditure
- I. Introduction
- II. The reporting systems
- III. Trends in reporting military expenditure, 2001–2009
- IV. The reporting of military expenditure data in 2009
- I. Introduction
- II. The SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing companies, 2008
- III. Mergers and acquisitions, 2009
- IV. The limited impact of the financial crisis on the arms industry
- V. Conclusions: continuity despite the crisis
- I. Selection criteria and sources of data
- II. Definitions
- III. Calculations
- Appendix 6B. Major arms industry acquisitions, 2009
- I. Introduction
- II. Major supplier developments, 2009
- III. Arms transfers to North Africa
- IV. Arms transfers to Iraq
- V. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Sources and methods for arms transfers data
- Appendix 7B. The financial value of the arms trade, 1999–2008
- I. Introduction
- II. The United Nations Register of Conventional Arms
- III. National and regional reports on arms exports
- IV. Publishing information on brokering licences
- I. Introduction
- II. US nuclear forces
- III. Russian nuclear forces
- IV. British nuclear forces
- V. French nuclear forces
- VI. Chinese nuclear forces
- VII. Indian nuclear forces
- VIII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- IX. Israeli nuclear forces
- X. North Korea’s military nuclear capabilities
- XI. Conclusions
- Appendix 8A. Global stocks of fissile materials, 2009
- I. Introduction
- II. The nuclear test in North Korea
- III. Estimated number of nuclear explosions, 1945–2009
- I. Introduction
- II. Russian–US strategic nuclear arms control
- III. Iran and nuclear proliferation concerns
- IV. The impasse over North Korea’s nuclear programme
- V. Proliferation concerns in Syria and Myanmar
- VI. Developments related to multilateral treaties and initiatives
- VII. New nuclear weapon-free zones
- VIII. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. The threats posed by chemical and biological material
- III. Biological weapon arms control and disarmament
- IV. Chemical weapon arms control and disarmament
- V. Allegations of violations and prior programmes and activities
- VI. Prevention, response and remediation
- VII. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. European arms control
- III. Building military security cooperation in the OSCE area
- IV. Control of inhumane weapons
- V. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. United Nations Security Council resolutions on transfers of proliferation-sensitive items
- III. Developments in multilateral export control regimes
- IV. Supply-side and cooperative measures in the European Union
- V. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Developments in United Nations arms embargoes
- III. Developments in other multilateral arms embargoes
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
- Annex B. International security cooperation bodies
- Annex C. Chronology 2009
- About the authors
- Errata
SIPRI Yearbook 2010
V. Allegations of violations and prior programmes and activities
- Chapter:
- 10. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials
- Source:
- SIPRI Yearbook 2010
- Author(s):
- John Hart, Peter Clevestig
In Afghanistan at least three attacks using poisonous fumes were made on girls’schools by alleged Taliban or al-Qaeda affiliates.60 In 2009 at least 40 members of al-Qaeda in the Islamic Magrheb (AQIM) in Algeria were reported to have died of plague at a training camp in Tizi Ouzou; according to an unnamed US intelligence official, the incident resulted from ‘an experiment with unconventional weapons [that] went awry’.61
- Citation (MLA):
- Hart, John, and Peter Clevestig. "10. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 2 Dec. 2023. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199581122/sipri-9780199581122-div1-96.xml>.
- Citation (APA):
- Hart, J., & Clevestig, P. (2016). 10. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2010: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2 Dec. 2023, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199581122/sipri-9780199581122-div1-96.xml
- Citation (Chicago):
- Hart, John, and Peter Clevestig. "10. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials." In SIPRI Yearbook 2010: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 2 Dec. 2023, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199581122/sipri-9780199581122-div1-96.xml
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- SIPRI Yearbook 2010: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Abstracts
- Abbreviations and conventions
- I. Overview
- II. SIPRI Yearbook 2010: highlights and findings
- III. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Staged reductions in Russian and US nuclear weapons
- III. Broadening the circle: involving other nuclear-armed states in a campaign to eliminate nuclear weapons
- IV. Ancillary agreements necessary to support and sustain a world without nuclear weapons
- V. Deterrence in a world without nuclear weapons
- VI. Governance and institution building: how much must change?
- VII. How political and doctrinal changes pave the way for international agreements: the US case
- VIII. Conclusions: looking ahead
- I. Introduction
- II. Crime and criminal violence: data, methodology and global trends
- III. Transnational crime in armed conflict settings
- IV. A new type of armed conflict?
- V. Conclusions
- I. Global patterns in major armed conflicts
- II. Regional patterns
- III. Changes in the table of conflicts for 2009
- IV. Definitions, sources and methods
- I. Introduction
- II. Highlights and changes
- III. Methodology and data sources
- IV. Investigating the set of potential determinants
- I. Introduction
- II. Addressing the civilian capacity gap in peace operations
- III. The UN Mission in Sudan
- IV. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Global trends
- III. Regional trends
- IV. Table of multilateral peace operations
- I. Introduction
- II. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- III. The European Union
- IV. Renewing pan-European security cooperation?
- V. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Africa
- III. Latin America
- IV. The Middle East
- V. Asia and Oceania
- VI. Europe
- VII. North America
- VIII. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Regional trends and major spenders
- III. Tables of military expenditure
- I. Introduction
- II. The reporting systems
- III. Trends in reporting military expenditure, 2001–2009
- IV. The reporting of military expenditure data in 2009
- I. Introduction
- II. The SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing companies, 2008
- III. Mergers and acquisitions, 2009
- IV. The limited impact of the financial crisis on the arms industry
- V. Conclusions: continuity despite the crisis
- I. Selection criteria and sources of data
- II. Definitions
- III. Calculations
- Appendix 6B. Major arms industry acquisitions, 2009
- I. Introduction
- II. Major supplier developments, 2009
- III. Arms transfers to North Africa
- IV. Arms transfers to Iraq
- V. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Sources and methods for arms transfers data
- Appendix 7B. The financial value of the arms trade, 1999–2008
- I. Introduction
- II. The United Nations Register of Conventional Arms
- III. National and regional reports on arms exports
- IV. Publishing information on brokering licences
- I. Introduction
- II. US nuclear forces
- III. Russian nuclear forces
- IV. British nuclear forces
- V. French nuclear forces
- VI. Chinese nuclear forces
- VII. Indian nuclear forces
- VIII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- IX. Israeli nuclear forces
- X. North Korea’s military nuclear capabilities
- XI. Conclusions
- Appendix 8A. Global stocks of fissile materials, 2009
- I. Introduction
- II. The nuclear test in North Korea
- III. Estimated number of nuclear explosions, 1945–2009
- I. Introduction
- II. Russian–US strategic nuclear arms control
- III. Iran and nuclear proliferation concerns
- IV. The impasse over North Korea’s nuclear programme
- V. Proliferation concerns in Syria and Myanmar
- VI. Developments related to multilateral treaties and initiatives
- VII. New nuclear weapon-free zones
- VIII. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. The threats posed by chemical and biological material
- III. Biological weapon arms control and disarmament
- IV. Chemical weapon arms control and disarmament
- V. Allegations of violations and prior programmes and activities
- VI. Prevention, response and remediation
- VII. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. European arms control
- III. Building military security cooperation in the OSCE area
- IV. Control of inhumane weapons
- V. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. United Nations Security Council resolutions on transfers of proliferation-sensitive items
- III. Developments in multilateral export control regimes
- IV. Supply-side and cooperative measures in the European Union
- V. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Developments in United Nations arms embargoes
- III. Developments in other multilateral arms embargoes
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
- Annex B. International security cooperation bodies
- Annex C. Chronology 2009
- About the authors
- Errata