Contents

SIPRI Yearbook 2013

SIPRI Yearbook 2013
Contents
Preface
Abbreviations and conventions
SIPRI Yearbook online
Introduction
- I. The drivers of insecurity, conflict and fragility
- II. Trends in security, conflict and peace
- III. The consequences of violent conflict and insecurity
- IV. Interventions and institutions for security and peace
- V. Looking beyond 2015: developing new data and a global system of security accounts
Part I. Security and conflicts, 2012
1. Armed conflict
- Overview
- I. Armed conflict in the wake of the Arab Spring
- II. The fragile peace in East and South East Asia
- III. Patterns of organized violence, 2002–11
2. Peace operations and conflict management
- Overview
- I. Global trends in peace operations
- II. New peace operations in 2012
- III. Regional developments in peace operations
- IV. Table of multilateral peace operations, 2012
Part II. Military spending and armaments, 2012
3. Military expenditure
- Overview
- I. Global developments in military expenditure
- II. US military expenditure
- III. Russian military expenditure, reform and restructuring
- IV. Security spending and violent organized crime in Central America
- V. Two case studies in the governance of military budgeting and expenditure: Colombia and Indonesia
- VI. The reporting of military expenditure data to the United Nations
- VII. Military expenditure data, 2003–12
4. Arms production and military services
- Overview
- I. Key developments in the main arms-producing countries, 2011–12
- II. Cybersecurity and the arms industry
- III. The SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing and military services companies, 2011
5. International arms transfers
- Overview
- I. Developments in arms transfers, 2012
- II. Arms transfers to Western and Central Europe
- III. Arms transfers to Syria
- IV. Transparency in arms transfers
- V. The financial value of states’ arms exports
6. World nuclear forces
- Overview
- I. US nuclear forces
- II. Russian nuclear forces
- III. British nuclear forces
- IV. French nuclear forces
- V. Chinese nuclear forces
- VI. Indian nuclear forces
- VII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- VIII. Israeli nuclear forces
- IX. North Korea's military nuclear capabilities
- X. Global stocks and production of fissile materials, 2012
Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2012
7. Nuclear arms control and non-proliferation
- Overview
- I. Iran and nuclear proliferation concerns
- II. North Korea's nuclear programme
- III. NATO and non-strategic nuclear weapons
- IV. Measures to combat nuclear terrorism
8. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials
- Overview
- I. Biological weapon arms control and disarmament
- II. Chemical weapon arms control and disarmament
- III. Chemical and biological weapon programmes
- IV. Oversight of dual-purpose research in the life sciences
9. Conventional arms control and military confidence building
- Overview
- I. Humanitarian arms control initiatives
- II. Small arms control in Africa
- III. Conventional arms control and confidence- and security-building measures in Europe
- IV. Confidence- and security-building measures in Asia
- V. Confidence- and security-building measures in the Americas
10. Dual-use and arms trade controls
- Overview
- I. Arms trade treaty negotiations
- II. Multilateral arms embargoes
- III. Financial sanctions and other restrictive measures
- IV. Export control regimes
- V. Export control developments in the European Union
Annexes
Annex A. Arms control and disarmament agreements
- Notes
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
Annex B. International security cooperation bodies
- I. Bodies with a global focus or membership
- II. Bodies with a regional focus or membership
- III. Strategic trade control regimes
Annex C. Chronology 2012
About the authors
Errata

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SIPRI Yearbook 2013

IV. Security spending and violent organized crime in Central America

Chapter:: 3. Military expenditure
Source:: SIPRI Yearbook 2013
Author(s):: Sam Perlo-Freeman

Central America—from Mexico to Panama—has had some of the lowest levels of military expenditure as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) in the world.¹ Following the end of the region's civil wars in the 1990s and in the absence of any external military threats, defence spending in most Central American countries was constant or falling until at least the mid-2000s. However, in more recent years this trend has reversed, as some of the region's militaries have become involved in the fight against drug cartels and organized crime groups, alongside internal security forces. This section examines the trends in both military and internal security spending in the context of these developments, which has seen the boundary between ‘military’ and ‘internal’ security increasingly blurred.²

Citation (MLA):: Perlo-Freeman, Sam. "3. Military expenditure." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 2 Dec. 2024. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199678433/sipri-9780199678433-div1-21.xml>.
Citation (APA):: Perlo-Freeman, S. (2016). 3. Military expenditure. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2013: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2 Dec. 2024, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199678433/sipri-9780199678433-div1-21.xml
Citation (Chicago):: Perlo-Freeman, Sam. "3. Military expenditure." In SIPRI Yearbook 2013: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 2 Dec. 2024, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199678433/sipri-9780199678433-div1-21.xml

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