Contents

SIPRI Yearbook 2013

SIPRI Yearbook 2013
Contents
Preface
Abbreviations and conventions
SIPRI Yearbook online
Introduction
- I. The drivers of insecurity, conflict and fragility
- II. Trends in security, conflict and peace
- III. The consequences of violent conflict and insecurity
- IV. Interventions and institutions for security and peace
- V. Looking beyond 2015: developing new data and a global system of security accounts
Part I. Security and conflicts, 2012
1. Armed conflict
- Overview
- I. Armed conflict in the wake of the Arab Spring
- II. The fragile peace in East and South East Asia
- III. Patterns of organized violence, 2002–11
2. Peace operations and conflict management
- Overview
- I. Global trends in peace operations
- II. New peace operations in 2012
- III. Regional developments in peace operations
- IV. Table of multilateral peace operations, 2012
Part II. Military spending and armaments, 2012
3. Military expenditure
- Overview
- I. Global developments in military expenditure
- II. US military expenditure
- III. Russian military expenditure, reform and restructuring
- IV. Security spending and violent organized crime in Central America
- V. Two case studies in the governance of military budgeting and expenditure: Colombia and Indonesia
- VI. The reporting of military expenditure data to the United Nations
- VII. Military expenditure data, 2003–12
4. Arms production and military services
- Overview
- I. Key developments in the main arms-producing countries, 2011–12
- II. Cybersecurity and the arms industry
- III. The SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing and military services companies, 2011
5. International arms transfers
- Overview
- I. Developments in arms transfers, 2012
- II. Arms transfers to Western and Central Europe
- III. Arms transfers to Syria
- IV. Transparency in arms transfers
- V. The financial value of states’ arms exports
6. World nuclear forces
- Overview
- I. US nuclear forces
- II. Russian nuclear forces
- III. British nuclear forces
- IV. French nuclear forces
- V. Chinese nuclear forces
- VI. Indian nuclear forces
- VII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- VIII. Israeli nuclear forces
- IX. North Korea's military nuclear capabilities
- X. Global stocks and production of fissile materials, 2012
Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2012
7. Nuclear arms control and non-proliferation
- Overview
- I. Iran and nuclear proliferation concerns
- II. North Korea's nuclear programme
- III. NATO and non-strategic nuclear weapons
- IV. Measures to combat nuclear terrorism
8. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials
- Overview
- I. Biological weapon arms control and disarmament
- II. Chemical weapon arms control and disarmament
- III. Chemical and biological weapon programmes
- IV. Oversight of dual-purpose research in the life sciences
9. Conventional arms control and military confidence building
- Overview
- I. Humanitarian arms control initiatives
- II. Small arms control in Africa
- III. Conventional arms control and confidence- and security-building measures in Europe
- IV. Confidence- and security-building measures in Asia
- V. Confidence- and security-building measures in the Americas
10. Dual-use and arms trade controls
- Overview
- I. Arms trade treaty negotiations
- II. Multilateral arms embargoes
- III. Financial sanctions and other restrictive measures
- IV. Export control regimes
- V. Export control developments in the European Union
Annexes
Annex A. Arms control and disarmament agreements
- Notes
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
Annex B. International security cooperation bodies
- I. Bodies with a global focus or membership
- II. Bodies with a regional focus or membership
- III. Strategic trade control regimes
Annex C. Chronology 2012
About the authors
Errata

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SIPRI Yearbook 2013

IV. Oversight of dual-purpose research in the life sciences

Chapter:: 8. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials
Source:: SIPRI Yearbook 2013
Author(s):: John Hart

In 2012 the World Health Organization (WHO) met to consider whether and how to restrict avian influenza research in the midst of a controversy about publishing details on the creation in a laboratory of a strain of influenza that can be transmitted between mammals.¹ Authorities in the United States issued a new policy to mitigate biorisks in life sciences research that attempts to further institutionalize oversight and evaluation procedures in the area of dual-use research of concern in the life sciences. The WHO also confirmed the existence of a novel coronavirus and alerted its members in accordance with the International Health Regulations (IHR).

Citation (MLA):: Hart, John. "8. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 14 Sep. 2024. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199678433/sipri-9780199678433-div1-55.xml>.
Citation (APA):: Hart, J. (2016). 8. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2013: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 14 Sep. 2024, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199678433/sipri-9780199678433-div1-55.xml
Citation (Chicago):: Hart, John. "8. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials." In SIPRI Yearbook 2013: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 14 Sep. 2024, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199678433/sipri-9780199678433-div1-55.xml

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