Contents

SIPRI Yearbook 2013

SIPRI Yearbook 2013
Contents
Preface
Abbreviations and conventions
SIPRI Yearbook online
Introduction
- I. The drivers of insecurity, conflict and fragility
- II. Trends in security, conflict and peace
- III. The consequences of violent conflict and insecurity
- IV. Interventions and institutions for security and peace
- V. Looking beyond 2015: developing new data and a global system of security accounts
Part I. Security and conflicts, 2012
1. Armed conflict
- Overview
- I. Armed conflict in the wake of the Arab Spring
- II. The fragile peace in East and South East Asia
- III. Patterns of organized violence, 2002–11
2. Peace operations and conflict management
- Overview
- I. Global trends in peace operations
- II. New peace operations in 2012
- III. Regional developments in peace operations
- IV. Table of multilateral peace operations, 2012
Part II. Military spending and armaments, 2012
3. Military expenditure
- Overview
- I. Global developments in military expenditure
- II. US military expenditure
- III. Russian military expenditure, reform and restructuring
- IV. Security spending and violent organized crime in Central America
- V. Two case studies in the governance of military budgeting and expenditure: Colombia and Indonesia
- VI. The reporting of military expenditure data to the United Nations
- VII. Military expenditure data, 2003–12
4. Arms production and military services
- Overview
- I. Key developments in the main arms-producing countries, 2011–12
- II. Cybersecurity and the arms industry
- III. The SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing and military services companies, 2011
5. International arms transfers
- Overview
- I. Developments in arms transfers, 2012
- II. Arms transfers to Western and Central Europe
- III. Arms transfers to Syria
- IV. Transparency in arms transfers
- V. The financial value of states’ arms exports
6. World nuclear forces
- Overview
- I. US nuclear forces
- II. Russian nuclear forces
- III. British nuclear forces
- IV. French nuclear forces
- V. Chinese nuclear forces
- VI. Indian nuclear forces
- VII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- VIII. Israeli nuclear forces
- IX. North Korea's military nuclear capabilities
- X. Global stocks and production of fissile materials, 2012
Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2012
7. Nuclear arms control and non-proliferation
- Overview
- I. Iran and nuclear proliferation concerns
- II. North Korea's nuclear programme
- III. NATO and non-strategic nuclear weapons
- IV. Measures to combat nuclear terrorism
8. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials
- Overview
- I. Biological weapon arms control and disarmament
- II. Chemical weapon arms control and disarmament
- III. Chemical and biological weapon programmes
- IV. Oversight of dual-purpose research in the life sciences
9. Conventional arms control and military confidence building
- Overview
- I. Humanitarian arms control initiatives
- II. Small arms control in Africa
- III. Conventional arms control and confidence- and security-building measures in Europe
- IV. Confidence- and security-building measures in Asia
- V. Confidence- and security-building measures in the Americas
10. Dual-use and arms trade controls
- Overview
- I. Arms trade treaty negotiations
- II. Multilateral arms embargoes
- III. Financial sanctions and other restrictive measures
- IV. Export control regimes
- V. Export control developments in the European Union
Annexes
Annex A. Arms control and disarmament agreements
- Notes
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
Annex B. International security cooperation bodies
- I. Bodies with a global focus or membership
- II. Bodies with a regional focus or membership
- III. Strategic trade control regimes
Annex C. Chronology 2012
About the authors
Errata

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SIPRI Yearbook 2013

III. Financial sanctions and other restrictive measures

Chapter:: 10. Dual-use and arms trade controls
Source:: SIPRI Yearbook 2013
Author(s):: Sibylle Bauer, Paul Holtom

A variety of restrictive measures have been used to prevent proliferation of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons, and missile systems for their delivery. These measures include restrictions on trade, financial sanctions and restrictions on travel. Restrictions on trade can be either general or targeting particular goods. Financial sanctions can include, for example, the freezing of funds or economic resources, prohibitions on financial transactions or requirements for prior approval before entering into such transactions, and restrictions on the provision of export credits or investment funds. Examples of restrictions on travel include flight bans and restrictions on the admission of named individuals. In 2012 an important understanding was reached among the states that play a central role in managing the international financial system on how to use financial sanctions to support non-proliferation. In addition, new and expanded measures were adopted to attempt to bring about a change in the national nuclear policy of Iran.

Citation (MLA):: Bauer, Sibylle, and Paul Holtom. "10. Dual-use and arms trade controls." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 20 Mar. 2025. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199678433/sipri-9780199678433-div1-65.xml>.
Citation (APA):: Bauer, S., & Holtom, P. (2016). 10. Dual-use and arms trade controls. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2013: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 Mar. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199678433/sipri-9780199678433-div1-65.xml
Citation (Chicago):: Bauer, Sibylle, and Paul Holtom. "10. Dual-use and arms trade controls." In SIPRI Yearbook 2013: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 20 Mar. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199678433/sipri-9780199678433-div1-65.xml

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