Contents

SIPRI Yearbook 2011

SIPRI Yearbook 2011: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Abstracts
Abbreviations and conventions
Introduction
- I. Assessing the past year
- II. SIPRI Yearbook 2011: overview, themes and key findings
- III. Implications and looking ahead
1. Corruption and the arms trade: sins of commission
- I. Introduction
- II. Understanding corruption in the arms trade
- III. The South African arms deal: undermining a nascent democracy
- IV. The impact of corruption in the arms trade
- V. Conclusions: the way forward
2. Resources and armed conflict
- I. Introduction
- II. Current thinking on resource–conflict links
- III. Economic approaches to conflict
- IV. Environmental approaches to conflict
- V. The resource geopolitics approach
- VI. Conclusions: the challenges of cooperative resource governance
- Appendix 2A. Patterns of major armed conflicts, 2001–10
- Appendix 2B. The Global Peace Index 2011
3. Peace operations: the fragile consensus
- I. Introduction
- II. Background
- III. In search of a shared understanding
- IV. Emerging powers and the peacekeeping consensus
- V. Conclusions: towards a new consensus?
- Appendix 3A. Multilateral peace operations, 2010
4. Military expenditure
- I. Introduction
- II. The United States
- III. China
- IV. Russia
- V. India
- VI. Brazil
- VII. Turkey
- VIII. South Africa
- IX. Conclusions
- Appendix 4A. Military expenditure data, 2001–10
- Appendix 4B. The reporting of military expenditure data, 2001–10
5. Arms production
- I. Introduction
- II. Developments in the arms industry, 2009–10
- III. Motivations, barriers and capability in arms production
- IV. The Israeli arms industry
- V. The South Korean arms industry
- VI. The Turkish arms industry
- VII. Conclusions
- Appendix 5A. The SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing companies, 2009
- Appendix 5B. Major arms industry acquisitions, 2010
6. International arms transfers
- I. Introduction
- II. Major arms suppliers: the United States and Russia
- III. Arms transfers to India and Pakistan
- IV. Exports from the European Union to countries in conflict
- V. Conclusions
- Appendix 6A. The suppliers and recipients of major conventional weapons, 2006–10
  - I. Introduction
  - II. Sources and methods for arms transfers data
- Appendix 6B. The financial value of states’ arms exports, 2000–2009
- Appendix 6C. Transparency in arms transfers
7. World nuclear forces
- I. Introduction
- II. US nuclear forces
- III. Russian nuclear forces
- IV. British nuclear forces
- V. French nuclear forces
- VI. Chinese nuclear forces
- VII. Indian nuclear forces
- VIII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- IX. Israeli nuclear forces
- X. North Korea’s military nuclear capabilities
- XI. Conclusions
- Appendix 7A. Global stocks and production of fissile materials, 2010
8. Nuclear arms control and non-proliferation
- I. Introduction
- II. Russian–US strategic nuclear arms control
- III. International cooperation to enhance nuclear security
- IV. The 2010 Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference
- V. Iran and nuclear proliferation concerns
- VI. North Korea’s nuclear programme
- VII. Conclusions
9. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials
- I. Introduction
- II. Biological weapon arms control and disarmament
- III. Chemical weapon arms control and disarmament
- IV. Allegations of CBW development, use and prior programmes
- V. CBW prevention, response and remediation
- VI. Conclusions
10. Conventional arms control and military confidence building
- I. Introduction
- II. European arms control: the CFE regime
- III. Consolidating military confidence in the OSCE area
- IV. The Treaty on Open Skies
- V. The global dimension
- VI. Conclusions
11. Strategic trade controls: countering the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
- I. Introduction
- II. Regimes and initiatives
- III. Capacity-building efforts
- IV. Coercive measures
- V. Conclusions
- Appendix 11A. Multilateral arms embargoes, 2010
Annex A. Arms control and disarmament agreements
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
Annex B. International security cooperation bodies
Annex C. Chronology 2010
About the authors
Errata

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SIPRI Yearbook 2011

V. India

Chapter:: 4. Military expenditure
Source:: SIPRI Yearbook 2011
Author(s):: Sam Perlo-Freeman, Julian Cooper, Olawale Ismail, Elisabeth Sköns, Carina Solmirano

India’s military expenditure in 2010 was an estimated 1888 billion rupees ($41.3 billion), 2.8 per cent lower in real terms than in 2009 but 54 per cent higher than in 2001.⁴⁶ The decline in 2010, the first fall in Indian military spending since 2002, appears to reflect a ‘rebalancing’ in relation to economic growth rates. In the mid-2000s, annual GDP growth rates of 8–9 per cent meant that the military burden fell from 3.0 per cent of GDP in 2001 to 2.3 per cent in 2007, but slower economic growth in 2008–2009 had raised the burden to 2.8 per cent in 2009 and an estimated 2.7 in 2010.

Citation (MLA):: Perlo-Freeman, Sam, Julian Cooper, Olawale Ismail, Elisabeth Sköns, and Carina Solmirano. "4. Military expenditure." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 16 Feb. 2025. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199695522/sipri-9780199695522-div1-38.xml>.
Citation (APA):: Perlo-Freeman, S., Cooper, J., Ismail, O., Sköns, E., & Solmirano, C. (2016). 4. Military expenditure. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2011: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 16 Feb. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199695522/sipri-9780199695522-div1-38.xml
Citation (Chicago):: Perlo-Freeman, Sam, Julian Cooper, Olawale Ismail, Elisabeth Sköns, and Carina Solmirano. "4. Military expenditure." In SIPRI Yearbook 2011: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 16 Feb. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199695522/sipri-9780199695522-div1-38.xml

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