- SIPRI Yearbook 2011: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Abstracts
- Abbreviations and conventions
- I. Assessing the past year
- II. SIPRI Yearbook 2011: overview, themes and key findings
- III. Implications and looking ahead
- I. Introduction
- II. Understanding corruption in the arms trade
- III. The South African arms deal: undermining a nascent democracy
- IV. The impact of corruption in the arms trade
- V. Conclusions: the way forward
- I. Introduction
- II. Current thinking on resource–conflict links
- III. Economic approaches to conflict
- IV. Environmental approaches to conflict
- V. The resource geopolitics approach
- VI. Conclusions: the challenges of cooperative resource governance
- I. Global patterns
- II. Regional patterns
- III. Changes in the table of conflicts for 2010
- IV. Major armed conflicts in a wider context
- V. Table of major armed conflicts
- I. Introduction
- II. Highlights and changes
- III. Methodology and data sources
- IV. Investigating peace at the subnational level
- I. Introduction
- II. Background
- III. In search of a shared understanding
- IV. Emerging powers and the peacekeeping consensus
- V. Conclusions: towards a new consensus?
- I. Introduction
- II. Global trends
- III. Regional developments
- IV. Table of multilateral peace operations
- I. Introduction
- II. The United States
- III. China
- IV. Russia
- V. India
- VI. Brazil
- VII. Turkey
- VIII. South Africa
- IX. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Regional trends and major spenders
- III. Estimating China’s military spending
- IV. Tables of military expenditure
- I. Introduction
- II. The reporting systems
- III. Trends in reporting, 2001–10
- I. Introduction
- II. Developments in the arms industry, 2009–10
- III. Motivations, barriers and capability in arms production
- IV. The Israeli arms industry
- V. The South Korean arms industry
- VI. The Turkish arms industry
- VII. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Trends in the SIPRI Top 100
- III. The SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing companies, 2009
- I. Introduction
- II. Acquisitions by companies based in OECD countries
- III. Acquisitions by companies based in non-OECD countries
- I. Introduction
- II. Major arms suppliers: the United States and Russia
- III. Arms transfers to India and Pakistan
- IV. Exports from the European Union to countries in conflict
- V. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Sources and methods for arms transfers data
- Appendix 6B. The financial value of states’ arms exports, 2000–2009
- I. Introduction
- II. The United Nations Register of Conventional Arms
- III. National and regional reports on arms exports
- I. Introduction
- II. US nuclear forces
- III. Russian nuclear forces
- IV. British nuclear forces
- V. French nuclear forces
- VI. Chinese nuclear forces
- VII. Indian nuclear forces
- VIII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- IX. Israeli nuclear forces
- X. North Korea’s military nuclear capabilities
- XI. Conclusions
- Appendix 7A. Global stocks and production of fissile materials, 2010
- I. Introduction
- II. Russian–US strategic nuclear arms control
- III. International cooperation to enhance nuclear security
- IV. The 2010 Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference
- V. Iran and nuclear proliferation concerns
- VI. North Korea’s nuclear programme
- VII. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Biological weapon arms control and disarmament
- III. Chemical weapon arms control and disarmament
- IV. Allegations of CBW development, use and prior programmes
- V. CBW prevention, response and remediation
- VI. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. European arms control: the CFE regime
- III. Consolidating military confidence in the OSCE area
- IV. The Treaty on Open Skies
- V. The global dimension
- VI. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Regimes and initiatives
- III. Capacity-building efforts
- IV. Coercive measures
- V. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Developments in United Nations arms embargoes
- III. Developments in other multilateral arms embargoes
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
- Annex C. Chronology 2010
- About the authors
- Errata
SIPRI Yearbook 2011
VI. Conclusions
- Chapter:
- 9. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials
- Source:
- SIPRI Yearbook 2011
- Author(s):
- John Hart, Peter Clevestig
Scientific and technological developments such as the increasing overlap between the chemical and biological sciences are a major challenge to the BTWC and the CWC and one that will be highly relevant in coming years. How states decide to meet this challenge will have consequences for the conventions, in either weakening or strengthening them, as well as for the security of states themselves.
- Citation (MLA):
- Hart, John, and Peter Clevestig. "9. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials." SIPRI Yearbook. SIPRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. Web. 21 Jan. 2025. <https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199695522/sipri-9780199695522-div1-98.xml>.
- Citation (APA):
- Hart, J., & Clevestig, P. (2016). 9. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials. In SIPRI, SIPRI Yearbook 2011: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 21 Jan. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199695522/sipri-9780199695522-div1-98.xml
- Citation (Chicago):
- Hart, John, and Peter Clevestig. "9. Reducing security threats from chemical and biological materials." In SIPRI Yearbook 2011: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, SIPRI. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). Retrieved 21 Jan. 2025, from https://www.sipriyearbook.org/view/9780199695522/sipri-9780199695522-div1-98.xml
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- SIPRI Yearbook 2011: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Abstracts
- Abbreviations and conventions
- I. Assessing the past year
- II. SIPRI Yearbook 2011: overview, themes and key findings
- III. Implications and looking ahead
- I. Introduction
- II. Understanding corruption in the arms trade
- III. The South African arms deal: undermining a nascent democracy
- IV. The impact of corruption in the arms trade
- V. Conclusions: the way forward
- I. Introduction
- II. Current thinking on resource–conflict links
- III. Economic approaches to conflict
- IV. Environmental approaches to conflict
- V. The resource geopolitics approach
- VI. Conclusions: the challenges of cooperative resource governance
- I. Global patterns
- II. Regional patterns
- III. Changes in the table of conflicts for 2010
- IV. Major armed conflicts in a wider context
- V. Table of major armed conflicts
- I. Introduction
- II. Highlights and changes
- III. Methodology and data sources
- IV. Investigating peace at the subnational level
- I. Introduction
- II. Background
- III. In search of a shared understanding
- IV. Emerging powers and the peacekeeping consensus
- V. Conclusions: towards a new consensus?
- I. Introduction
- II. Global trends
- III. Regional developments
- IV. Table of multilateral peace operations
- I. Introduction
- II. The United States
- III. China
- IV. Russia
- V. India
- VI. Brazil
- VII. Turkey
- VIII. South Africa
- IX. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Regional trends and major spenders
- III. Estimating China’s military spending
- IV. Tables of military expenditure
- I. Introduction
- II. The reporting systems
- III. Trends in reporting, 2001–10
- I. Introduction
- II. Developments in the arms industry, 2009–10
- III. Motivations, barriers and capability in arms production
- IV. The Israeli arms industry
- V. The South Korean arms industry
- VI. The Turkish arms industry
- VII. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Trends in the SIPRI Top 100
- III. The SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing companies, 2009
- I. Introduction
- II. Acquisitions by companies based in OECD countries
- III. Acquisitions by companies based in non-OECD countries
- I. Introduction
- II. Major arms suppliers: the United States and Russia
- III. Arms transfers to India and Pakistan
- IV. Exports from the European Union to countries in conflict
- V. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Sources and methods for arms transfers data
- Appendix 6B. The financial value of states’ arms exports, 2000–2009
- I. Introduction
- II. The United Nations Register of Conventional Arms
- III. National and regional reports on arms exports
- I. Introduction
- II. US nuclear forces
- III. Russian nuclear forces
- IV. British nuclear forces
- V. French nuclear forces
- VI. Chinese nuclear forces
- VII. Indian nuclear forces
- VIII. Pakistani nuclear forces
- IX. Israeli nuclear forces
- X. North Korea’s military nuclear capabilities
- XI. Conclusions
- Appendix 7A. Global stocks and production of fissile materials, 2010
- I. Introduction
- II. Russian–US strategic nuclear arms control
- III. International cooperation to enhance nuclear security
- IV. The 2010 Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference
- V. Iran and nuclear proliferation concerns
- VI. North Korea’s nuclear programme
- VII. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Biological weapon arms control and disarmament
- III. Chemical weapon arms control and disarmament
- IV. Allegations of CBW development, use and prior programmes
- V. CBW prevention, response and remediation
- VI. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. European arms control: the CFE regime
- III. Consolidating military confidence in the OSCE area
- IV. The Treaty on Open Skies
- V. The global dimension
- VI. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Regimes and initiatives
- III. Capacity-building efforts
- IV. Coercive measures
- V. Conclusions
- I. Introduction
- II. Developments in United Nations arms embargoes
- III. Developments in other multilateral arms embargoes
- I. Universal treaties
- II. Regional treaties
- III. Bilateral treaties
- Annex C. Chronology 2010
- About the authors
- Errata